Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. b. absence of signs of malfunctioning. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Reduced urine. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? It is also associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? d. both b and c. 2. Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. Loss of appetite. The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. For instance, some people would say they are morning people, while others would consider themselves to be night owls. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). As a result, many scientists have urged the federal government to allow for relaxation of current marijuana laws and classifications in order to facilitate a more widespread study of the drugs effects (Aggarwal et al., 2009; Bostwick, 2012; Kogan & Mechoulam, 2007). Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Many individuals diagnosed with sleep apnea first seek treatment because their sleeping partners indicate that they snore loudly and/or stop breathing for extended periods of time while sleeping (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013).

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