used to make that statementincluding the filing of multiple Freedom of Information Act requestshave been hampered by U.S. authorities, and the Pentagon has refused to help former service members who claim they were exposed to toxic defoliants during the operation. It is unlikely that the U.S. will admit liability for the horrors Agent Orange unleashed in Vietnam. But since then, thousands of Vietnam veterans have fought illnesses related . However, both Tokyo and Washington have refused these requests. Chapter 3 investigates the justifications of the Vietnam Republic and U.S. governments for the deployment of herbicides in Vietnam. Every reader contribution, no matter the amount, makes a difference in allowing our newsroom to bring you the stories that matter, at a time when being informed is more important than ever. In 2004, a Vietnamese group unsuccessfully attempted to sue some 30 companies, alleging that the use of chemical weapons constituted a war crime. Omissions? No such plan is in store in Vietnam. We have a strong desire to do the right thing for all of the U.S. veterans who were exposed to herbicides/Dioxin on Okinawa as well as for Okinawa, states the letter, which was organized by former Air Force sergeant Joe Sipala. In several heavily affected areas of Vietnam, dioxin levels in blood samples are a dozen times higher than permitted, and occurrences of deformities, birth defects, and cancer have been significantly more frequent than other regions. Surviving Vietnam veterans in the United States, after many years of organized action, have finally achieved compensation from U.S government. -The use of the agent orange by the US Army in Vietnam was inspired in "The Malayan Emergency" when the British used herbicides and defoliants as an anti-guerrilla operation against the Malayan National Liberation Army (Malasia) between 1948-1960. The Geneva Protocol, developed after World War I to prohibit the use of chemical and biological weapons in war, would seem to forbid the use of these chemicals. More. The chemicals were produced by companies like DOW Chemical, Monsanto, and Hercules, Inc. Trail dust operations were conducted by the U.S. Air Force, whose cowboys flew C-123s escorted by fighters. The past has gone, but its traces are still present in Vietnam today. In parts of central and southern Vietnam that were already exposed to environmental hazards such as frequent typhoons and flooding in low-lying areas and droughts and water scarcity in the highlands and Mekong Delta, herbicide spraying led to nutrient loss in the soil. Research suggests that another six to twelve generations will have to pass before dioxin stops affecting the genetic code. Agent Orange is a mixture of two active chemicals. -The Dioxin is the deadly toxin in Agent Orange. Phone Number. And while research in those areas is limited an extensive 2003 study was canceled in 2005 due to a reported lack of mutual understanding between the U.S. and the Vietnamese governments evidence suggests that the heavily polluted soil and water in these locations have yet to recover. But then the children were born. Percutaneous absorption of 2-butoxyethanol vapour in human subjects. The legacy of the defoliant will outlast its immediate victims, said Kaderlik. From 2005 to 2015, more than 200,000 Vietnamese victimssuffering from 17 diseases linked to cancers, diabetes and birth defects were eligible for limited compensation, via a government program. All Rights Reserved. However, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) has recently urged Veterans Affairs in the U.S. to take a closer look at the consequences of the deadly toxin not just on . It has unleashed in Vietnam a slow-onset disaster whose devastating economic, health and ecological impacts that are still being felt today. The wry sarcasm of the phrase sums up the irony of the mission. They were also effective. The former service members were angered last year when the U.S. government and Japans Ministry of Foreign Affairs suggested that the veterans accounts of herbicides on Okinawa were dubious. But then the children were born. Chapter 1 discusses the researchers relationship with the topic and outlines the research procedures. In 1967, around 5,000 American scientists, including 17 Nobel laureates, signed a petition condemning the use of . People who come into contact with Agent Orange, depending on the length, intensity, and timing of their exposure, may suffer from skin diseases or congenital deformations. James R. Clary was a young Air Force officer and scientist who designed the spray tank for the C-123 cargo planes that dispensed Agent Orange and other herbicides during the Vietnam War. World Health Organization has listed dioxin as a cancer-causing substance, capable of impairing internal organs, the immune system, and the nervous system. As they approached a strategic targetdense, jungled areas that provided cover for the Viet Cong or crops suspected to feed their troopsthe fighter jets would shoot down bombs and napalm. The. However, dioxin buried or leached under the surface or deep in the sediment of rivers and other bodies of water can have a half-life of more than 100 years". Washington has pledged $400,000 (205,000) towards a $1m study into the removal of the highly toxic chemical dioxin at a former US base at Da Nang. What are symptoms of being exposed to Agent Orange? These aircraft were subsequently returned to the U.S. and were used by Air Force reserve units between 1971 and 1982 for transport operations. Despite the difficulty of establishing conclusive proof that their claims were valid, in 1979 U.S. veterans brought a class-action lawsuit against seven herbicide makers that produced Agent Orange for the U.S. military. This was used extensively in Vietnam and in the Gulf and also to clean up the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska. Learn more at erinblakemore.com. On 13 March 1989, the Vietnam Veterans Association sent a fax to the government stating they had evidence about the manufacture of Agent Orange in New Zealand in the late 1960s for use in Vietnam. Chapter 6 reports on recent dioxin levels found in human tissues, soil, and fish samples in and around Da Nang Airport. Such color-coding was meant as a convenient substitution for the more complicated chemical names and stemmed from the color of the 55-gallon drums that contained the respective herbicides. In Vietnam, nearly 4.8 million people have been exposed, causing 400,000 deaths; the associated illnesses include cancers, birth defects, skin disorders, auto-immune diseases, liver disorders, psychosocial effects, neurological defects and gastrointestinal diseases. Dioxins enter the bloodstream after being eaten or touched, build up in the food chain and can cause reproductive problems, cancer, hormonal interference, immune system damage, and developmental issues. Environmental justice organizations (and other supporters) and their websites, if available: Supporters: Red Cross International, Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin (VAVA); Medical and Scientific Aid for Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia (MSAVLC). Agent Orange was a powerful herbicide used by U.S. military forces during the Vietnam War to eliminate forest cover and crops for North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops. Agent Orange: Directed by Alan Adelson, Kate Taverna. The herbicide and defoliant exposed Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops who previously sheltered under the . Above all, it has succeeded in raising over US$ 50 million and establishing over 26 care centers for victims and their families. Starting in 1968, herbicides to be shipped to Vietnam were stored at the Seabees base in Gulfport, MS. During Hurricane Camille in 1969, 1,400 barrels of Agent Orange and Agent Blue were blown into the water; up to 240 barrels were never recovered. The operation lasted with incredible intensity for 9 consecutive years from 1962 to 1971. The name was given because of the color of the orange-striped barrels in which it was shipped. Others included, Agent Orange II (super orange), Agent Blue, Agent White, Agent Purple, and Agent Pink. The sole target of Operation Ranch Hand was Vietnamese guerrillas (troops that hide well to make sudden attacks on the enemy). Copyright 20102023, The Conversation Media Group Ltd. Today crops are grown and livestock graze at former U.S. bases where toxic dioxin continues to pollute the soil. The US military sprayed Agent Orange from helicopters or low-flying aircraft to kill jungle growth. (Agent Orange didnt appear orange, though it looked like that to Pilsch.) It is a mixture of two common herbicides (2,4-D and 2,4,5-T ) that were used separately in the United States since the late 1940s. Agent Orange was a tactical herbicide mixture used by the United States military during the Vietnam War era. Agent Blue, an arsenic-based herbicide, is becoming known . The VA estimates that as many as 2.8 million Vietnam veterans could have been exposed to Agent Orange while between 2.1 and 4.5 million Vietnamese civilians may have been affected by exposure. In November 1961, with the authorization of President Kennedy, the U.S. Air Force officially launched Operation Ranch Hand, the codename for its aggressive defoliation program in the Vietnam War. South Vietnam was the main suffering region. (Credit: Kuni Takahashi/CHI-Photo/REX/Shutterstock). Agent Orange, mixture of herbicides that U.S. military forces sprayed in Vietnam from 1962 to 1971 during the Vietnam War for the dual purpose of defoliating forest areas that might conceal Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces and destroying crops that might feed the enemy. It was a 50/50 mixture of two herbicides: 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Rainforests in Vietnam destroyed by Rainbow herbicides. The Rainbow Herbicides left a lethal legacy. During Operation Ranch Hand, the U.S. and South Vietnamese governments spent considerable time and effort making the claim that tactical herbicides were safe for humans and the environment. John Olin, the Florida-based researcher who discovered the 2003 army report, says he will keep investigating the militarys use of Agent Orange on Okinawa. From 2005 to 2015, more than 200,000 Vietnamese victims suffering from 17 diseases linked to cancers, diabetes and birth defects were eligible for limited compensation, via a government program. As part of this Vietnam War effort, from 1961 to 1971, the United States sprayed over 73 million liters of chemical agents on the country to strip away the vegetation that provided cover for Vietcong troops in enemy territory.. Their substantial contribution has been greatly appreciated and remembered with profound gratitude by dioxin victims and their families. Since 1945, the small Japanese island of Okinawa has been unwilling host to a massive U.S. military presence and a storehouse for a witches brew of dangerous munitions and chemicals, including nerve gas, mustard gas, and nuclear missiles. Regular medical check-ups, reimbursement allowances, medical care, and special needs education program for their children are a few among the wonders VAVA has brought to the unlucky war survivors. The natural habitat of such rare species as tigers, elephants, bears and leopards were distorted, in many cases beyond repair. A veteran of the Vietnam War, he has been working on issues relating to Agent Orange exposure since 1989. Rural-to-urban migration rates dramatically increased in South Vietnam, Environmental improvements, rehabilitation/restoration of area. Additionally, exposure to Agent Orange may have long-lasting impacts on pregnancy, including miscarriages and abnormal fetal development. The defoliant, sprayed from low-flying aircraft, consisted of approximately equal amounts of the unpurified butyl esters of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T). It is estimated that, in total, tens of thousands of people have suffered serious birth defects spina bifida, cerebral palsy, physical and intellectual disabilities and missing or deformed limbs. Among the Vietnamese, exposure to Agent Orange is considered to be the cause of an abnormally high incidence of miscarriages, skin diseases, cancers, birth defects, and congenital malformations (often extreme and grotesque) dating from the 1970s. Then the sprayers would move in and douse an area with the chemical. Promising projects are underway, modeling on four major targets penned by the Vietnamese government. Following the discovery of the army report, 10 former service members wrote a letter to the U.S. Senate Committee on Veterans Affairs demanding a full investigation into the militarys use of Agent Orange on Okinawa. Now it would appear those denials are losing currency. Even Ken Burns and Lynn Novick seem to gloss over this contentious issue, both in their supposedly exhaustive Vietnam War documentary series and in subsequent interviews about the horrors of Vietnam. By clicking "Accept cookies" you consent to place cookies when visiting the website. Its abundantly clear now that this is false. As a result of herbicide spraying, watershed forests of over 28 major rivers suffered serious damage, according to, Vietnam Environment Administration Magazine, After just one spray mission, over 10 to 20% of the forest canopy (taking up 40% to 60% of forest biomass) went dead (cited from, What Have Been Done To Alleviate Agent Orange Aftermaths In Vietnam, Supports from the Vietnamese and US Governments, The largest organization for dioxin victims in Vietnam is the, Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin (VAVA), Over the past decade, Vietnam and the U.S. governments have discussed and put into practice with remarkable success several short-term, and long-term operation plans to address the legacy of dioxin in Vietnam. It is believed that Agent Orange is still affecting the health of Vietnamese people. Agent Orange is an herbicide that was used by the United States in Vietnam, Cambodia, and parts of Korea. During the Vietnam War, in an operation known as Operation Ranch Hand, approximately 20 million gallons of herbicides, including around 10.5 million gallons of dioxin-contaminated Agent Orange, were sprayed by 34 C-123 aircraft. Monsanto, once a major manufacturer of Agent Orange, denies that the herbicide mix has long-lasting health impacts. Ranch Hands unofficial mottoonly you can prevent a forestriffed off of Smokey Bears plea for people to prevent forest fires. Weve always understood the importance of calling out corruption, regardless of political affiliation. In the background of the shots, there is a large stack of barrels. More than 40 years on, the impact on their health has been staggering. Albeit technically a herbicide, trees are not its only victim. . Vietnamese are not alone in construing the use of Agent Orange as chemical warfare. This story was co-authored by Hang Thai T.M., a research assistant at the Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, in Hanoi. It was a 50/50 mixture of two herbicides: 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. -Dioxin chemical name is 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-para-dioxin, or TCDD. Vietnamese people werent the only ones poisoned by Agent Orange. NGO activist campaign for Vietnamese dioxin victims in France. The past year has been the most arduous of our lives. More than 10 years of U.S. chemical warfare in Vietnam exposed an estimated 2.1 to 4.8 million Vietnamese people to Agent Orange. From 1961 to 1972 the US military forces sprayed more than 19 million gallons of herbicides over 4.5 million acres of land in South Vietnam. According with the Aspen Institute "The half-life of dioxin depends on its location. In the 1950s, Britain became involved in the Malayan Emergency, an insurgency in a former British colony in what is now Malaysia. To do so would set an unwelcome precedent: Despite official denials, the U.S. and its allies, including Israel, have been accused of using chemical weapons in conflicts in Gaza, Iraq and Syria. 805.969.3626 (Though estimates vary, the government of Vietnam says that 4 million were exposed to the chemicals, 3 million of whom now suffer from health consequences.) Separately, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs awarded compensation to about 1,800 veterans. The basis of their evidence was a purported claim from a former NZ Defence attach in Washington that he wrote reports to the United States Defence Department about the supply of Agent Orange. Agent Orange was a defoliant sprayed by the U.S. during the Vietnam War to clear dense vegetation and reveal enemy troops. In addition to being a highly effective at killing plants, it has turned out to have a number of alarming health effects that have made it into a very controversial subject. Was environmental justice served? Fred Berman, DVM, PhD, director of Toxicology at Oregon Health Sciences University and Richard Clapp, professor emeritus, Boston University School of Public Health had previously consulted with the Senate Veterans Affairs Committee on the unresolved issues of Agent Orange exposures in the aircrew. Check out our private motorbike tours with professional local guides forfun and insightfultrips in Ho Chi Minh City! The couple married in September 1964 and the following March, Joe Weber shipped off to Vietnam. The Participatory Action Research approach allowed Agent Orange Victims (AOVs) and community members in Da Nang to tell their stories about how Agent Orange and dioxin have affected their lives, psychology, families, and communities. The class action case was dismissed in 2005 by a district court in Brooklyn, New York. It launched a public relations campaign included educational programs showing civilians happily applying herbicides to their skin and passing through defoliated areas without concern. US Agency for International Development (USAID) responded to requests from Vietnam in agreeing to send the, What Will Be Done To Alleviate Agent Orange Aftermaths In Vietnam, Summary of Agent Orange and the Aftermath of the Vietnam War, If youre interested in Vietnam History and planning a visit to our country, you might not want to miss out on this museum in your itinerary -, This Vietnam travel information page is written by a team of professional tour guides in Vietnam. Lending weight to suspicions that the barrels were shipped as part of Operation Red Hat was the discovery by independent researcher Nao Furugen of a set of photographs in the Okinawa Prefectures archives. In the end, the military campaign was called Operation Ranch Hand, but it originally went by a more appropriately hellish appellation: Operation Hades. Agent Orange is one of the six types of Rainbow Herbicides, a group of chemicals meant to kills plants, trees, and crops. Vietnam reports that some 400,000 people have suffered death or permanent injury from exposure to Agent Orange. Long-Term Fate of Agent Orange and Dioxin TCDD Contaminated Soils and Sediments in Vietnam Hotspots. Agent Orange is the generic name used for several types of the herbicide. Vietnamese people werent the only ones poisoned by Agent Orange. [click to view], The Dark Shadow of Agent Orange | Retro Report | The New York Times[click to view], Toxic Rain - The Legacy of Agent Orange[click to view], Exposure to Agent Orange, a case of ecocide, Vietnam, Biomass and Land Conflicts (Forests, Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock Management), around 5,000,000 people have being exposed to the agent orange. The natural habitat of such rare species as tigers, elephants, bears and leopards were distorted, in many cases beyond repair. Today, Agent Orange has become a contentious legal and political issue, both within Vietnam and internationally. Nearly 50 percent of the countrys mangroves, which protect shorelines from typhoons and tsunamis, were destroyed. In the United States alone, a ProPublica analysis suggests, a child born to a veteran exposed to Agent Orange was a third more likely to be born with a birth defect. More than 10 years of U.S. chemical warfare in Vietnam exposed an estimated 2.1 to 4.8 million Vietnamese people to Agent Orange. Between the B-52 strikes and the Agent Orange, that lovely lush jungle around Khe Sanh was turned brown., Year-old conjoined twins being cared for at Hanois Viet-Duc hospital, a center for treating deformed children and others who may have been affected by exposure to the defoliant Agent Orange. The case was brought by. It has unleashed in Vietnam a slow-onset disaster whose devastating economic, health and ecological impacts that are still being felt today. When they're combined, an unwanted byproduct -- a dioxin called TCDD -- is formed. The chemicals, in fact, have no color as their names might have mistakenly suggested. The barrels were processed and shipped to Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean, where they were incinerated at sea in 1977." For more information, and to find out how to change the configuration of cookies, please read our, Utilizamos cookies para realizar el anlisis de la navegacin de los usuarios y mejorar nuestros servicios. From 1971-1982, Air Force reservists, who flew in 34 dioxin-contaminated aircraft used to spray Agent Orange and returned to the U.S. following discontinuation of the herbicide spraying operations in the Vietnam War, were exposed to greater levels of dioxin than previously acknowledged, according to a study published today in Environmental Research by senior author Jeanne Mager Stellman, PhD, Mailman School of Public Health professor emerita in the Department of Health Policy and Management. From 1962 to 1971, the U.S. military sprayed millions of gallons of potent weed killers, including Agent Orange, over Vietnam to kill dense jungle foliage and eliminate places for the enemy. We need your support in this difficult time. U.S. companies, including Monsanto and Dow Chemical, have taken the position that the governments involved in the war are solely responsible for paying out damages to Agent Orange victims. Currently, veterans who sprayed or handled Agent Orange herbicide during the war, or who spent any time on the ground in Vietnam, are automatically eligible for care and compensation under federal Agent Orange legislation. Major destinations included the United States, some European countries, and other camps across the world where the Southeast Asian refugees embarked on the path of an uncertain and desperate life. Its an even more sobering twist to an already terrible storyone that keeps on illuminating the horrors of the Vietnam War decades after it came to an end. The sole target of Operation Ranch Hand was Vietnamese guerrillas (troops that hide well to make sudden attacks on the enemy). No matter how hard it is, Vietnam is bound to pull it off. Because the effects of the chemical are passed from one generation to the next, Agent Orange is now debilitating its third and fourth generation. By spraying Agent Orange, he thought he was helping the United States military bust through Vietnam's impenetrable jungles on the way to victory. The Geneva Protocol, developed after World. Open Journal of Soil Science , 2019; 09 (01): 1 DOI: 10.4236/ojss.2019.91001 Tags: Agent Orange . Thus, Agent Orange is not orange; rather it is a colorless, . On August 10, 2023 - Agent Orange Awareness Day - we will bring light to the continuing dark toll of the war. As one of a group of chemicals referred to as the rainbow herbicides, Agent Orange served as the most well-known defoliant used in the Vietnam War. The most heavily exposed locations among them Dong Nai, Binh Phuoc, Thua Thien Hue and Kontum were sprayed multiple times. Invest with us. About 50 million litres (13 million gallons) of Agent Orangecontaining about 170 kg (375 pounds) of dioxinwere dropped on Vietnam. Make a one-time contribution to Alternet All Access, Forget Jeb DeSantis. 249 Lambert Road, Due to this, climatic conditions in lower levels got changed dramatically with decreased moisture levels and increased light intensity, causing massive killing of plants and animals. First, building effective systems to monitor dioxin contamination, preventing the birth of new pollutants. In Quang Ngai province (in the southern half of the central coast), for example, 85% of the croplands were demolished in 1970 alone, leading to severe famine across the town; hundreds of thousands of people died of starvation or suffered from severe malnutrition, especially kids. In recent years, it has become clear that not only did the government know about the herbicides awful effects, but that they relied on chemical companies for technical guidance instead of their own staff. Agent Orange has long been known as the toxic substance used with too much abandon and not enough care by the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War. Furthermore, it is estimated that 2,000,000 people have suffered from illnesses caused by exposure and that half a million babies were born with birth defects due to the effects of Agent Orange. American University in Vietnam students visited DAVA, the Da Nang Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin. In 1969, when he was the National Security Advisor, the Cambodian government filed a claim for over $12 million in damages caused by night-time spraying of Agent Orange in Kompong Cham Province. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Contaminated soils, permanent forest loss, soil erosion, and other environmental damage have haunted Vietnam for years. (Credit: Bettmann/Getty Images). During this period, the island was a major staging point for the U.S. war in Vietnamwhere the United States sprayed millions of liters of Agent Orange, poisoning tens of thousands of its own troops and approximately 3 million Vietnamese people. It is estimated that, in total, tens of thousands of people have suffered serious birth defects spina bifida, cerebral palsy, physical and intellectual disabilities and missing or deformed limbs. Nowadays, the dioxin has remain in Vietnams ecosystem, in the soil and in the food chain. During the past year and a half, dozens of U.S. veterans have spoken out about the use, storage, and disposal of Agent Orange on Okinawa during the 1960s and 70s. Updates? No compensations have been given to vietnamese people. Copyright 2023 Center for the National Interest All Rights Reserved, exhaustive Vietnam War documentary series, sometimes showered in the empty 55-gallon drums, protect shorelines from typhoons and tsunamis, informed the U.S. military that Agent Orange was toxic, alleging that the use of chemical weapons constituted a war crime. U.S. soldiers, unaware of the dangers, sometimes showered in the empty 55-gallon drums, used them to store food and repurposed them as barbecue pits. In the end, the military campaign was called Operation Ranch Hand, but it originally went by a more appropriately hellish appellation: Operation Hades. Forces sprayed over the rural landscape in Vietnam from 1961 to 1971 to defoliate trees and shrubs and kill food crops that were providing cover and food to opposition forces. Among five million people exposed to AO/dioxin, over three million ones are still suffering from diseases and leaving birth defects on their children. (Vietnamese in the US raise funds for AO victims, 2011, Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs). While U.S. veterans have been compensated for their exposure to the herbicide mix since they filed a lawsuit in 1979, Vietnamese peoples efforts to secure similar compensation in a 2004 lawsuit was rejected by a U.S. court. See Coronavirus Updates for information on campus protocols. Toxic hotspots also remain at several former U.S. air force bases. Many American victims have had better luck, though, seeing successful multi-million-dollar class action settlements with manufacturers of the chemical, including Dow, in 1984 and 2012. Donald Trump is the Republican Party, 'Emperor with no clothes': Ron DeSantis mocked for bungled answer to how he would handle Ukraine, 'I obviously don't have evidence': House Republican has a wild new conspiracy about COVID-19 origins, 'You give a speech at ONE insurrection': Donald Trump Jr. burned for whining 'woke' bank dumped his app, Watch: Candace Owens wishes she could 'punch Volodymyr Zelenskyy in the face', Marjorie Taylor Greene spokesperson throws profane tantrum when confronted by CNN fact-checker, 'Rule by local warlords?' Possibly the only one that could be considered a victory for the. Agent Orange was a chemical herbicide used during the Vietnam War that had a devastating impact long after the conflict ended.Newsletter: https://www.history. - According with the Vietnam Red Cross the chemical has affected 3 million of Vietnamese, including at least 150,000 children. This dissertation addresses the long-term effects of improper handling and management of the herbicides during Operation Ranch Hand which caused excessive levels of dioxin contamination in Da Nang and surrounding areas. Agent Orange was banned in 1971. It was contaminated with dioxin, a potent toxicant that persists for. OUR SERVICEMEN are I need. The largest organization for dioxin victims in Vietnam is theVietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/Dioxin (VAVA). Specific impacts on children. The US has agreed for the first time to help towards cleaning up a site in Vietnam which stored Agent Orange and other chemicals during the Vietnam war. Some of these vulnerable areas also happen to be very poor and, these days, home to a large number of Agent Orange victims. As a result, nobody is officially accountable for the suffering of Vietnamese victims of Agent Orange. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The class action case was dismissed in 2005 by a district court in Brooklyn, New York.

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