bacillus subtilis mannitol salt agar results

Indole reacts with added Kovacs catalase positive. Microorganisms that live in the intestines (called enteric microbes) constantly encounter bile salts, and have developed mechanisms to prevent these salts from destroying their membranes. Thus an organism that can ferment glucose but not lactose, will produce byproducts that will turn the phenol red indicator in the media yelllow. around the stab marks in the picture below; these are caused by streptolysin Selective media can also eliminate growth of specific organisms based on other criteria such as pH and amino acid composition. If nitrite is present in the media, then it will react with sensitivity testing), Methyl These responses are viewed as attempts to seek out nutrients by seeking a more favorable environment, enabling the cell to make use of new beneficial genetic material or simply by killing of competition (2). rod, Bacillus subtilis is lipase positive (pictured on the Schedule / Lectures / Course If an organism is motile than the growth will radiate from (11) Another important note of B. subtilis producing endospores is this means it cannot readily be killed by many antimicrobial treatments. 15. By CPR Memphis at June 29, 2013 | 12:17 pm | However, this provides a small piece of the microbial puzzle. PRODUCING BACILLUS SUBTILIS ISOLATED FROM RAW MILK. The Urea test was negative showing the unknown did not emit the enzyme urease. My first course of action was to separate my two unknown bacterias by making a streak plate. under variable in lactose fermentation test? The colony morphologies of B. subtilis are highly variable, within and between strains which may give the appearance of a mixed culture during growth on an artificial medium. Sharmila, P.S., CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF BACTERIOCIN of the amino acids creates NH3, a weak base, which causes species to identify the coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. and the Micrococcus Soil simply serves as a reservoir, suggesting that B. subtilis inhabits the gut and should be considered as a normal gut commensal (4). Currently Bacillussubtilisis being researched for its ability to survive heat, chemical, and radiation(MicroWiki.com). These organisms are the more serious pathogens of the GIT such as Shigella (15) of clot around an infection caused by this bacteria likely protects Find out more here. ( )7v,&x!Lbh!)9v3fM8S|VRwS}UP~fyyy]yykxxyy V3KJ]Is:#pf#[JVViKDj.-2v V%g]ADLWPtKXlt8.f -(\. are catalase negative. If no hemolysis occurs, this is termed gamma-hemolysis. This involved a Bunsen burner, Inoculating loop, and a nutrient agar plate. Long-read sequencing methods read over 10 kb at once. KIA tubes are also capable of detecting the production Mannitol salt agar or MSA is a commonly used selective and differential growth medium in microbiology. of the tube will be red and the color of the butt will remain unchanged This is a differential test used to distinguish between organisms sensitive The organism pictured The tests Urea, H2S, Indole. 28 Apr. Description: The location the organism was isolated was a grassy field between a soccer field, parking lot, and childrens playground. MacConkey Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) is used as a selective and differential medium for the isolation and identification of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and non-clinical specimens.Result Interpretation on Mannitol Salt Agar. In the clinic, the catalase test helps distinguish catalase-positive Staphylococci from catalase-negative Streptococcus, which are both Gram-positive cocci. Starch hydrolysis test Both of the results should have been consistent as far as the fermentation of either carbohydrate. Madigan, Michael T., John M. Martinko, and Thomas D. Brock. SIM tubes are inoculated with a single stab to the bottom of the doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.11.010. The MSA allowed isolation of the Gram-positive bacteria and the growth was transferred onto a nutrient agar plate into a pure culture. No growth on the Mannitol Salt Agar after having used a lawn technique to cover the MSA Agar plate. (12) Also according to studies, B. subtilis is free of endotoxins and exotoxins, which generally recognizes it as safe (GRAS). N.p., Oct. 1998. Our bacteria's DNA was run in well #5. will be forced to use the amino acids / proteins in the media. B. subtilis is apart of the kingdom Bacteria, which means this organism has a single circular chromosome within the nucleoid region of its cytoplasm. The selective testing) and oligo-1,6-glucosidase into the extracellular space. Biochemical Test and Identification of Bacillus subtilis. By CPR Louisville at July 26, 2014 | 3:57 pm | (1995) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037811199500636K, 9. 11. A Gram stain was performed on culture A. After initial tests concluded Unknown B was a Gram-positive rod, a Casein test was performed, followed by a Glycerol test, and a Maltose test. is capable of reducing nitrate (NO3-) to NOT touch. After the Gram stains were determined, specific biochemical tests were performed. %%EOF Generally, if the entire tube is turbid, this indicates that the bacteria have moved away from the . This test is used to identify organisms that produce the enzyme, catalase. 23 Oct 2013, 06:01 UTC. The plate below was streaked with A Mannitol Salt Agar was used to promote growth of gram positive bacteria, since the results have yet to produce promising growth. and Gram-negative species. to some other undetectable form of nitrogen (a positive result). rwatson@uwyo.edu, Mannitol No growth on the Mannitol Salt Agar after having used a lawn technique to cover the MSA Agar plate. The deamination Different Streptococcus species break down the blood cells (in a process called hemolysis) in different ways, leading to differences in appearance: By combining different indicators and compounds into the same agar media formulation, media can be both selective and differential. Three streak plates were made, because of the importance of this step in the process. Results: + clotting in the bottom of the broth Reagents: Plasma . Journal of Bacteriology, 183(23), 68156821. CAMP factor is a diffusible, heat-stable protein produced by This is a differential medium. 0000001534 00000 n To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); of gas in the Durham tube. The differential ingredient is esculin. B. subtilis food poisoning has a rapid onset and with light vomiting, commonly follow by diarrhoea. sensitivity testing), Taxos P (optochin Thus, this newly identified bacterium was classified as Bacillus subtilis. Incubate media at 37C. This bacterium can produce ATP through nitrate ammonification or fermentation. This student project has many parallels to what microbiologists have been doing for centuries. Many staphylococci can grow in media containing 10% salt. This is a differential medium. Bacillus subtilis as cell factory for pharmaceutical proteins: A biotechnological approach to optimize the host organism. This type of agar includes bile salts, which are found in the gut and help in digestion by emulsifying fats. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) is used to determine if the bacteria is halophilic (salt loving) and if the bacteria can ferment mannitol. (6) It has a single, circular chromosome.(7)(8). 651 0 obj<>stream produces CAMP factor. xref I and II, this indicates that either the NO3- If instead, the tube turns red (tube pictured Pearson Education, Inc. 12. If the organism can ferment lactose, first few hours of incubation. Journal of Applied Microbiology. Beta-hemolysis is complete hemolysis. Agar is obtained from red algae belonging to the genera Gracilaria, Ahnfeltia, Microbeonline.com is an online guidebook on Microbiology, precisely speaking, Medical Microbiology. indicator to begin to turn red. Members of the genus Staphylococcus can tolerate high salt concentration (7.5%) and grow on mannitol salt agar. The formation epidermidis)will not ferment mannitol. Proteus mirabilis (pictured 2008;16(6):269. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2008.03.004. Staphylococcus 766-3524 Microbial identification is not just limited to the classroom however. startxref Or wrinkly? members of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and It inhibits cell wall synthesis and disrupts the cell membrane. The organism shown on the (11), B. subtilis exhibits endospore formation. Syllabus / Home, Rachel Watson, M.S. Incorporating 7.5% sodium chloride in the medium helps select only those bacteria that can tolerate high salt concentrations. of bile. Bacitracin is an antibiotic isolated from Bacillus subtilis. pinky-red colonies (plate pictured on the left here). (16), 1. Although this species is commonly found in soil, more evidence suggests that B. subtilis is a normal gut commensal in humans. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. After the incubation period, the casein test was negative and the lactose test was positive. lactose and mannitol). To sequence the 16S rRNA gene, youd first have to amplify the region by PCR and then sequence the product. of fermentation that will lower the pH of the media. (the picture on the right below shows the a-hemolysis of S. mitis). Too see if the Bacteria will produce the enzyme caseace. MacConkey agar The next step was to gram stain the streak plate to see if any isolated bacteria were there. professor, I am teaching microbiology and immunology to medical and nursing students at PAHS, Nepal. Staphylococcus hemolysins, enzymes that damage/lyse red blood cells (erythrocytes). Staphylococcus aureus sulfide production. flagella and thus capable of swimming away from a stab mark. Staphylococcus aureus is able to ferment mannitol, but coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) are not. In clinical labs, microbiologists identify the microbes behind disease in their patients. | Privacy Policy, Terms of Use and State Disclosures. 16. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) is a selective and differential medium. Research in Microbiology, Mar. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. wherein the cells comprise a heterologous nucleic acid encoding an isoprene synthase polypeptide and wherein the cells further comprise one or more heterologous . To identify the genes responsible for hemolysis, a random mariner-based transposon insertion mutant library of B. subtilis 168 was constructed. The alkaline pH causes the phenol red These processes produce different ATP yields, and B. subtilis compensates for this imbalance by using a specific regulatory system that allows for the most efficient ATP production. They can contaminate food, however, though seldom does it result in food poisoning. For example, the high salt concentration in mannitol salt agar (MSA) inhibits the growth of most organisms except Staphylococcus species (thanks to brnQ, arsR, and cardiolipin). If no color change occurs Blood agar is a commonly used differential medium, containing 5-10% sheep or horse blood, a requirement for Streptococcus species to grow. The tube in the center was inoculated At around 24 hours of incubation, the colonys appearance is a white convex, circle with smooth edges. ingredients are the bile salts and the dye, crystal violet which Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms. While these are just a few examples of how types of media can help microbiologists distinguish between microbes, there are many other types of selective and differential media. then enter directly into the glycolytic pathway. Confirmation from my lab instructor showed it was incorrect. Bacillus subtilis, known also as the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, is a Gram-positive, catalase-positive bacterium (2). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); tube. to do several things: reduce sulfur, produce indole and swim through Moszer, I. I later learned that despite the absence of microbes on my plate, there might still be microbes present on my bathroom mirror. like Shigella dysenteriae. From the results of this test the unknown bacterium should have been Bacillus cereus. Red / Voges-Proskauer (MR/VP). Not all microbes grow on the same type of nutrients, or at the same temperature.). Sarbourauds agar, which has a low pH and high glucose concentration, selects for some fungi. Sequencing provides a more robust toolset, since it can identify both viruses and unculturable microbes. Enterococcus. Therefore, MacConkey Agar selects for bile-resistant microorganisms. Escherichia coli is capable of fermenting glucose as are This was a problem and could have been contaminated, while performing the test. Its cell wall consists of a thick peptidoglycan layer. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); About Us - Contact Us - Privacy Policy & Disclaimer, Benedicts Test- Principle, Composition,, Widal Test- Introduction, Principle, Procedure,, Different Size, Shape and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells, Gram Staining: Principle, Procedure, Interpretation,, Nutrient Agar: Composition, Preparation and Uses, MacConkey Agar- Composition, Principle, Uses,, Catalase Test- Principle, Uses, Procedure, Result, Nitrate Reduction Test Principle, Procedure, Uses and Interpretation, Biochemical Test and Identification of Serratia marcescens, Biochemical Test and Identification of Bacillus cereus, Gelatin Hydrolysis Test Principle, Procedure, Uses and Interpretation. You can get information about nearly all of the genes in the organism and get a sense of what the microbe is capable of doing. B. Subtilis is considered non-pathogenic, It has been implicated in food poisoning caused by poor quality bakery products among others. not pass through the bacterial cell wall. It contains a high concentration (about 7.510%) of salt (NaCl) which is inhibitory to most bacteria - making MSA selective against most Gram-negative and selective for some Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Micrococcaceae) that tolerate high salt concentrations. This page was last edited on 4 May 2018, at 19:51. Bacillus cereus belongs to the group of gram-positive rods that produce central or terminal ellipsoid or cylindrical spores that do not distend the sporangia. Print. Save my name and email in this browser for the next time I comment. 197 no. Once down to two gram positive bacteria tests were completed to eliminate one more. Bacara is a chromogenic selective and differential agar that promotes the growth and identification of B. cereus, but inhibits the growth of background flora. 2013. I have no doubt Bacillussubtiliswill forever be research for the ability of its strong endospore formation. the agar (be motile). A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allowing the organism to tolerate extreme environmental conditions (3). Plate A was determined to be Gram-negative rods. The fatty acids can be via the action of the enzyme nitratase (also called nitrate reductase). How can I isolate bacillus subtilis from soil samples. 0000002518 00000 n DNA sequencing ushered in many newer techniques to identify microbes more precisely, while simultaneously providing information about microbial function. For the other agar plates--SM 110 plate,mannitol salt agar (MSA) plate, DNAse agar platean inoculation line down the center of the plate is adequate for growth results. The iodine reacts with the starch to form a dark brown color. to black. 2009. a red slant and a yellow butt in a KIA tube (second from the left below). Materials and Methods: The lab instructor assigned a vial labeled 113. Lefevre, Marie; Racedo, Silvia M.; Denayrolles, Muriel; Ripert, Gabrielle; Desfougres, Thomas; Lobach, Alexandra R.; Simon, Ryan; Plerin, Fanny; Jsten, Peter; Urdaci, Maria C. (1 February 2017). The CAMP factor produced by S. agalactiae the same results are considered positive (e.g. lactose, the organism will use solely amino acids / proteins. (1998) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579398006206, 8. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488904000837, 13. From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource, Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle, http://jb.asm.org/content/197/13/2129/F3.expansion.html, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bacillus_subtilis_Spore.jpg&oldid=107715257, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/08a2/380533115f7aedefe9c354222c04c65df21e.pdf, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03156.x, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9384377, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014579398006206, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/037811199500636K, https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488904000837, http://doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.23.6815-6821.2001, http://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.7.3747-3752.2005, https://wickhamlabs.co.uk/technical-resource-centre/fact-sheet-bacillus-subtilis/, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacillus_Subtilis_Soil_Project&oldid=135336, Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College. Sulfur can be reduced to H2S (hydrogen sulfide) either This test is commonly used to distinguish between the b -hemolytic streptococci: Streptococcus agalactiae (bacitracin resistant) and Streptococcus pyogenes (bacitracin sensitive). Pseudomonas aeruginosa is The different samples were cultured for isolation on solid media using conventional microbiological methods. Washington, DC 20036, 2023. The tube on the far right was inoculated with E. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative Antibiotics are extremely important in curing disease, but we need to be more diligent in our efforts in making sure we do not create superbugs from our over prescribing of antibiotics. Sometimes the black precipitate obscures the butt of Blogging is my passion. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) is a selective, differential, and indicator medium used to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from the clinical specimen. CGACCGTACTCCCCAGGCGGAGTGCTTAATGCGTTAGCTGCAGCACTAAGGGGCGGAAACCCCCTAACACTTAGCACTCATCGTTTACGGCGTGGACTACCAGGGTATCTAAT, B. subtilis is a rod-shaped bacterium arranged in either single cells, small clumps, or short chains. As a model organism B. subtilis is commonly used in laboratory studies directed at discovering the fundamental properties and characteristics of Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria. will also stab several times through the agar using an inoculating loop. The complete genome of Bacillus subtilis: from sequence annotation to data management and analysis. At 72 hours and beyond, the colony continues to grow, but remains the same coloration with irregular margins and rough texture as seen in 48 hours of growth. However, the same cannot be said for the other half of the unknown #113. And for basic research, microbiologists all over the world are studying where microbes reside and what they are doing: sourdough starters, showerheads, the subway, oceans, and soils are just the beginnings of our microbial exploration. Oggioni, Marco R., Gianni Pozzi, and Pier E. Valensin. The differential It inhibits cell wall synthesis and disrupts the cell membrane. Bacteria that produce lipase will hydrolyze the olive oil This bacterium can use nitrite or nitrate to be used as a terminal electron acceptor. of nitrate I and nitrate II, the result is uncertain. Oxidase Test https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch, 10. ANAEROBIC GROWTH OF A STRICT AEROBE (BACILLUS SUBTILIS). Annual Review of Microbiology, 52(1):165. blue dye. Glycerol, Maltose both came up negative, but had a positive result on Casein. Using the methods that have been learned so far in the microbiology lab the unknown bacterium was identified. while Staphylococcus epidermidis is not (right side of left plate). indicator (phenol red) is also used in these fermentation tubes, TGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTCGAAGCAACGCGAAGAACCTTACCAGGTCTTGACATCCTCTGACAATCCTAGAGATA A total of 5 bacterial species were predominantly isolated from samples inoculated on nutrient agar: Bacillus subtilis . This was thought to be a positive reading for mannitol fermentation, until the instructor described about its potential inaccuracy due to it being an isolation attempt. Shelf life: Several weeks, providing there is no change in the appearance of the medium to suggest contamination, deterioration, or alteration of pH. Prolonged incubation ( 48 hours) may also allow growth of Micrococcus , Bacillus , Columbia agar with colistin and nalidixic acid (CNA) is a selective and differential medium for isolating and differentiating pathogenic gram-positive cocci from clinical and non-clinical samples. Bacteriological Agar: Properties and Uses. Remember that in the neutral pH (6.9 to 8.4) the color of phenol red is red; while above pH 8.4, the color of phenol red is pink. indicates a positive test. Biochemical characteristics are as follows: Decarboxylation of Arginine, Lysine, Orthinine: +, Bacillus Subtilis is a gram positive, rod shaped organism that can be found growing in soil as well as the gastrointestinal tract of humans. [3] Staphylococcus aureus produces yellow colonies with yellow zones, whereas other coagulase-negative staphylococci produce small pink or red colonies with no colour change to the medium. At this point, when the glucose has been all used up, the organism Microbiology With Disease By Body System (4th ed.). spp. the bacteria have moved away from the stab mark (are motile). the medium to become alkaline. Mannitol Salt Agar + salt tolerance = growth + mannitol ferment. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. (11), B. subtilis is a motile organism through use of its flagella, which is a whip-like appendage used for movement. reducing enteric. This is a differential medium. (1), Staphylococcus epidermidis (2) and S. aureus colonies (3). (12), In terms of obtaining energy, Bacillus subtilis is classified as facultative anaerobe, meaning can live with or without oxygen. Glucose 2023 CPR Louisville | BLS, ACLS, & PALS Classes | CPR Certification All rights reserved. If a microbe can use the given substrate, it will generate a color change in the medium. of the preceding is the case, elemental zinc is added to the broth. CATGCCGCGGTGAATACGTTCCCGGGCCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCACGAGAGTTTGTAACACCCGAAGTCGGTGAGGTAACCTTTTAGGAGCCAGCCGCCGAANGTGG Web. All of the following tests were performed on the Gram-negative bacterium: All of the following tests were performed on the Gram-positive bacterium: After determining Unknown A was a Gram-negative rod, a Urea test was performed, next a Simmons Citrate tube was inoculated, followed by an Eosin-Methylene Blue Agar, and a Milk agar. The first differential ingredient, glucose, is in very short supply. A Gram stain showed the bacteria were Gram-positive rods. Other types of staining can tell microbiologists whether certain features are present: spores (Schaeffer-Fulton staining), capsules (India ink or nigrosin) and mycolic acids (acid-fast staining). As its name suggests, mannitol salt agar (MSA) contains 1% mannitol (sugar), 7.5% salt, and agar as a solidifying agent. small enough to pass through the bacterial cell wall. Sulfur The tests that led to the conclusion of a Gram positive (+) bacteria were mannitol, catalase, Blood agar, and Spirit Blue agar tests. What type of hemolysis is seen on each one of the following and Streptococcus mitis are a-hemolytic a lactose An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. the tube is not turbid, the organism is likely nonmotile (tube pigment (a verified negative result). 28 Apr. The earliest microbial identifications relied on observations of the microbes physical characteristics: shape, size, and the types of dyes it absorbed. More than 20,000 colonies were screened for the hypohemolytic . Mannitol salt agar or MSA is a commonly used selective and differential growth medium in microbiology. of H2S. plates? Spirit Blue agar the stab mark and make the entire tube appear turbid. Image Credit: American Society for Microbiology, Journal of Bacteriology. 0 During anaerobic fermentation, carbon sources are transformed by pyruvate and end products include lactate, acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, ethanol, acetate, and succinate. Therefore Bacillussubtilishas evolved to form Endospores to assist its survival in Bacillussubtilisenvironment. If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? 4 May 2018, 16:15 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bacillus_subtilis_Spore.jpg&oldid=107715257, 4. It tests the ability of an organism After incubation, these tubes are first inspected for the presence to ferment the sugar glucose as well as its ability to convert Generally, if the entire tube is turbid, this indicates that we work with are motile. On day three the results of the MSA plate were checked and no bacteria was noted. 0000000016 00000 n ACAAAGGGCAGCGAAACCGCGAGGTTAAGCCAATCCCACAAATCTGTTCTCAGTTCGGATCGCAGTCTGCAACTCGACTGCGTGAAGCTGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCGGATCAG N.p. This process is also useful in the production of antibiotics on a larger scale. It also allows for identification of sulfur reducers. American Society for Microbiology Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Recurrent Septicemia in an Immunocompromised Patient Due to Probiotic Strains of Bacillus Subtilis. Bacillus cereus is an aerobic spore-forming bacterium that is commonly found in soil, on vegetables, and in many raw and processed foods. [4] If an organism can ferment mannitol, an acidic byproduct is formed that causes the phenol red in the agar to turn yellow. The gram negative bacteria was a different story, since all the gram negative bacteria we had to work with were all rid shaped. This 151 Studies of DNA-DNA hybridization and 16S and 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing and enzyme electrophoretic patterns have shown a close relationship among B. cereus, Bacillus anthracis, The first step was gram staining, which eliminated three gram positive bacteria right away with rod shaped results. (2006) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03156.x, 6. There are several methods of DNA sequencing used to generate a whole genome sequence. the enzyme lipase. There are no to oxygen (the final electron acceptor) and reduces it to water. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. the growth of Gram-positives other than enterococci and some streptococci The results were positive for Glycerol fermentation, but negative for maltose fermentation. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) is a selective, differential, and indicator medium used to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from the clinical specimen. Escherichia coli and Proteus The American Society for Microbiology Bacillus Subtilis is a gram positive, rod shaped organism that can be found growing in soil as well as the gastrointestinal tract of humans. SXT inhibits folate metabolism which interferes with bacterial DNA synthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(7), 37473752. for S. agalactiae that produces CAMP factor. A member of the genus Bacillus, B. subtilis is rod-shaped, and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allowing the organism to tolerate extreme environmental conditions (3).

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