[20] Matthew Black, The Use of Rhetorical Terminology in Papias on Matthew and Mark JSNT 37 (1989): 32; Bauckham, Eyewitnesses, 222. Mark 16:1). For three main reasons, almost all scholars believe the Gospel of Luke was written by the same person who wrote Acts: Luke and Acts were written in the same style and express the same theology. Levi's work was to take the money. 1/27/2013 09:47:39 pm. This makes it doubtful that Matthew 9:9 was intended as either the evangelists self-reference or as a pseudonymous literary device supplementing the ascription of this Gospel to Matthew. The Calling of Levi Sunday School Lesson - Children's Ministry Deals [13] Moreover, Matthew hardly features more as a character in the narrative than in the other two Synoptic Gospels to be the key source of the Matthean traditions. Levi - who the Bible tells us was also named Matthew - was a Jew and a tax collector. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 6.14.2; Epiphanius, Pan. [1] Regardless of how this name change is explained, this toll collector may have been trained in accounting and documenting records and may have been functionally bilingual or trilingual in order to converse with travellers moving between the territories of Philip and Antipas. The Calling of Matthew is an episode in the life of Jesus which appears in all three synoptic gospels, Matthew 9:9-13, Mark 2:13-17 and Luke 5:27-28, and relates the initial encounter between Jesus and Matthew, the tax collector who . Gundry, Matthew, xxii. Dan. UBF Resources : Jesus Calls Levi Krzinger and Gundry re-read the Papian fragment through the lens of rhetorical categories. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [2] B. News and Interpretations on the Bible and Ancient Near East History. [7] Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony, 2nd ed. Curiously, Origen answered the philosopher Celsus's criticism that Jesus assembled a motley crew of "toll collectors and sailors" by stressing that Matthew was the sole toll collector within the apostolic circle and that Levi was not numbered among the twelve apostles except for in select manuscripts of Mark's Gospel (Cels. though this example differs slightly from Matthew 9:9 inasmuch as the woman is left unnamed. They kept it for themselves and became very rich. For an alternative approach, W. F. Albright and C. S. Mann speculate that an Aramaic source identified the toll collector as a Levite and that this was mistranslated as the personal name Levi in the Greek texts of Mark and Luke. 20.5; Vir. 1.31.124), see Joseph Barber Lightfoot, Essays on the Work Entitled Supernatural Religion: Reprinted from the Contemporary Review (London: Macmillan, 1893), 17077; Bacon, Studies in Matthew, 443-51; T. W. Manson, Studies in the Gospels and Epistles (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1962), 6975; Krzinger, Papias, 5051; France, Evangelist and Teacher, 58-60; Krtner, Papias, 15167; Gundry, Matthew, 617; Norelli, Papia, 5980; Gundry, Pre-Papian Tradition, 6467; Sim, R. Jesus' death by crucifixion was the worst death that anybody would have to endure. 3.2).[48]. 3.2) that the Gospel according to the Hebrews was associated with Matthew. 18) or Origen (cf. See Krtner, Papias, 2045; Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus and the Adulteress NTS 34 (1988): 2444, 29; Philipp Vielhauer and Georg Strecker, Jewish Christian Gospels, in New Testament Apocrypha I: Gospels and Related Writings, ed. [43] Daniel A. Bertrand, Lvangile des Ebionites: une harmonie vangelique antrieur au Diatessaron NTS 26 (1980): 54863; Vielhauer and Strecker, Jewish Christian Gospels, 16671; Klijn, Gospel Tradition, 28-30; Klauck, Apocryphal Gospels, 5154; Luomanen, Jewish-Christian Sects, 3738; 83, 25152; Frey, Die Fragmente des Ebioniterevangeliums, 60722; Kok, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 43; Gregory, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 10, 171261. 3.39.16 with the Gospel according to the Hebrews in h.e. ; ; ; ; () Brezhoneg; Catal; etina; Dansk; Deutsch; Eesti Who translated it after that in Greek is not sufficiently ascertained. Ancient and modern scholars have been perplexed by the fact that the name of the toll collector in Matthew 9:9 differs from its synoptic counterparts. Who Were the Magi, and Why Did They Worship Jesus? (Matthew 2) [26] Gundry, Matthew, 619; idem, Pre-Papian Tradition, 67. h.e. Jesus Calls Levi | Reformed Bible Studies & Devotionals at Ligonier.org Matthew (also known as Levi in the Gospels of Luke and Mark) was a Jewish tax collector, or publican, living in Capernaum. Matthew (Levi) who wrote the first of the Gospels did write it in the Hebrew tongue which at that time was Aramaic. Of course, their hippy-dippy ways are . 29.7.4). Matthias was chosen to be one of the Apostles after Judas of Iscariot had betrayed Jesus and died ( Acts 1:26 NIV). Some scholars believe that the tax-collector simply had two names, one in Greek (Matthew) and the other in Hebrew (Levi). On the other hand, the oldest quotations from the Gospel according to the Hebrews were not attributed to a named author (e.g., Clement, str. Why is Matthew also called Levi? - Quora Some have also argued that he's the Apostle Matthew 's brother. At the same time, opposition against Jesus was growing stronger, especially from the religious . [28] On the contrary, there are cases when dialektos is translated as a language even when it is not preceded by an article (e.g., Philo, Mos. [22] Krzinger, Papias, 22; Gundry, Matthew, 619; Pre-Papian Tradition, xxi, 68; cf. Change the way you think and act, and believe (trust in, rely on, and adhere to) this Good News. Mark 3:18). The answer is very simple. It's unclear why Matthew/Levi was called by both names. Third, Matthew Wanted to Tell Others about Christ. ill. 16; Is. [28] Baum, Ein aramischer Urmatthus, 26364. We first meet Levi (aka Matthew) in Capernaum beside the Sea of Galilee: Once again Jesus went out beside the lake. Jesus was becoming popular. As he walked along, he saw Levi son of Alphaeus sitting at the tax collectors booth. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [34] Friedrich Schleiermacher, ber die Zeugnisse des Papias von unsern beiden ersten Evangelien, TSK 5 (1832): 73568; Manson, Gospels and Epistles, 7787; Hill, Matthew, 2427; Davies and Allison, Matthew IIV, 1.17; Black, Rhetorical Terminology, 3235; Hagner, Matthew 113; xlvxlvi; Nolland, Matthew, 3; Carter, Storyteller, Interpreter, Evangelist, 1617; Sim, R. Based on Papiass title Exposition of the Oracles of the Lord and his summary of Marks account of the oracles of the Lord, Papiass usage of the term logion encompassed both teachings and short narrative episodes (cf. If these are all references to the same James, that would make James son of Alphaeus the author of the Book of James and one of the three men Paul called "pillars" of the church. Tax collectors were hated by the Jews. [39] James R. Edwards has revived the older position that Matthew was the author of the Gospel according to the Hebrews and postulates that our Greek Gospel according to Matthew was named in honor of an apostolic figurehead who preserved the Jewish Jesus traditions. prol.) Warren Carter underscores how Papiass erroneous supposition served to underline the antiquity of this gospel and link it to the apostles.. Contrary to Epiphaniuss assertions, he may have not had access to the Gospel according to the Hebrews at all, and scholars generally label his source, which frequently harmonizes passages in the Synoptic Gospels, as the Gospel according to the Ebionites to distinguish it from the former text. Why 'Matthew' in Matt 9,9-13? - JSTOR Who Was Matthias in the Bible and Why Did He Replace Judas? 3.39.17. There were what the Jews called publicans aka tax collectors like Matthew who collected taxes for customs or tolls on imports, exports, and merchants who came to buy or sell in Israel. But the Pharisees and the teachers of the law who belonged to their sect complained to his disciples, Why do you eat and drink with tax collectors and sinners? Jesus answered them, It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick.I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. Luke 5:27-32. Why did Jesus change the disciples names? - YourQuickInfo Jesus believed that he had the same right to reassign a person's nameand therefore a person's life calling and destiny" (Cunningham). Perhaps most plain is the calling of the disciple Matthew, also known as Levi the tax collector. Teilband 1, ed. Follow me, he told him, and Matthew got up and followed him. Christoph Markschies und Jens Schrter (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck 2012), 62354. Christian Soldiers in the Ancient Roman Army, Destruction of Jerusalem, c. 586 BCEyewitness Account, Assassination of Julius CaesarAncient Accounts, Claudia ActeNeros Mistress, Secret Christian, Emperor Tiberius & The Resurrection Of Jesus, Plinys Letter To Trajan About Christians, Ancient TechnologyThe Antikythera Mechanism, The Lycurgus CupNanotechnology in Ancient Rome, Monte TestaccioAncient Romes Garbage Dump, Metal Detector FindRoman Coins & Lost Emperor of Britain, Stirring of Water in the Pool of Bethesda. Jesus ate a meal at Levi's house and . Until that moment, she'd always thought Jesus was . ; Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999), 56869. After all, a toll collector may have at least needed functional literacy to perform certain tasks. This is very possible, as scholars point to Simon (Peter) and Saul. According to Matthew 9:9 and Mark 2:14, Matthew was sitting by the customs house in Capernaum (near modern Almagor, Israel, on the Sea of Galilee) when Jesus called him into his company. [37] See B. H. Streeter, The Four Gospels: A Study of Origins (London: MacMillan, 1924). Following Jesus Meant Matthew Lost His Lucrative Tax Collector Career. The thesis that the first canonical Gospel was published under the name of a pseudonym is defended by George D. Kilpatrick. However, Bacons hypothesis depends on his suppositions that the source of Matthew 10:24 was not simply Mark 3:1619 and that the author of Matthews Gospel did not just alter Marks order by moving Thomas before Matthew. For a recent effort to argue that plural Aramaic and Greek sources underlie the double tradition, see Maurice Casey, An Aramaic Approach to Q: Sources for the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). There are a number of Patristic and Medieval quotations that purportedly derive from a text that was commonly dubbed as the, James R. Edwards has revived the older position that Matthew was the author of the, Conversely, Papias may not have known the. In this post, let us take a deeper . In Matthew's parabolic aside, the wisest advice Pilate got that day -- our Good Friday -- was from his wife: "Have nothing to do with that innocent man" (27:19). However, most scholars think that the tax collector Levi (not Zacchaeus) and Matthew were the same person based on these three verses: - Matthew 9:9 - "And as Jesus passed on from there, He saw a man, called Matthew, sitting in the tax office; and He *said to . Excessive. Jesus could have walked up to Matthew and said sarcastically, "I bet your mother is really proud you!" Jesus was considered a rabbi. Here's What History Can Tell Us About the Magi | Time Jesus was very popular in the Capernaum area where He and Levi lived and it is sure Levi had seen and heard the Nazarene. 1) The name of the collector whom Jesus summons is not "Levi, son of Alphaeus", but "Matthew" (9,9). The Testimonium Flavianum Question (My Two Cents), The Bible is Accurate Manuscript Evidence, Sayings From the Bible in the 21st Century, Colors & Dyes For Clothing in Ancient Rome, Thanksgiving: First Foods, First Friends1620, Ancient Ossuaries Uncover Biblical Truths. A survey of the ancient traditions about how the evangelist Matthew wrote his Gospel in Aramaic for a Jewish audience before it was translated into Greek suggests that the modern assumptions about the Apostles fluency in Greek or education in rhetorical composition may not have necessarily been shared by the Patristic intelligentsia. 30.13.45), indicating that it was published in Greek at the outset. [47] Whatever the case, Jerome slowly distanced himself from his earlier confident declarations that the Nazarenes had the original Matthean Gospel in their possession (cf. Early Christian CommunionWine or Mingled Wine? [47] Luomanen, Jewish-Christian Sects, 103119; Kok, Gospel According to the Hebrews, 4143; Gregory, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 1417; 4352. [35] For the general consensus of Q scholars, see Nigel Turner, Q in Recent Thought ExpTim 80 (1968-69): 32428; John S. Kloppenborg, The Formation of Q: Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom (Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1987), 5164; Harry T. Fleddermann, Q: A Reconstruction and Commentary (Leuven: Peeters, 2005), 15557; Sarah E. Rollens, Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement: The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014), 9193. They were considered traitors because they worked for the despised Roman rulers. Pet. [18] Josef Krzinger and Robert Gundry have tried to line up Papiass testimony with the academic consensus. 16:18) Mark and Luke were probably stunned by Jesus' inclusion of a hated tax collector in His Twelve. Christ redeemed the priesthood of Levi back unto himself and redeemed Matthew the . Zavada, Jack. 3.11.7), which is hard to reconcile with the Ebionitess denial of the virginal conception of Jesus (1.26.2; 3.21.1; 5.1.3; contra Matt 1:23). If Jesus proclaimed the 'Kingdom of God," sneered Pilate, let him die as "King of the Jews" (Mark 15:2,9,12,18,26). Krzinger and Gundry insist that, Krzinger enlists Irenaeus in support of his reading of Papias, despite the fact that Irenaeus used the article when affirming that Matthew wrote to the Hebrews in their, Hence, Krzinger identifies the each one (. 13:4; 19:1; 53:1; 62:3; 2 Clem. PDF JESUS CALLED MATTHEW (LEVI) - Bible Storytelling 184.9-10) and Eusebius regarded the text as disputed but not unorthodox (h.e. ill. 3). When Jesus said, "It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. The Calling of St. Matthew, by Vittore Carpaccio, 1502. The Pharisees asked them, Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners? On hearing this, Jesus said to them, It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. Soon, Jesus and His disciples are having dinner in . For the range of theories accounting for the redactional changes in Matthew 9:9 and 10:3, see the helpful summaries compiled by Joachim Gnilka, Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity: Part I: Palestine 330 BCE 200 CE. I. 3.25.5; cf. Marys Perpetual Virginity & Jesus Brothers, Why Pollen on the Shroud of Turin Proves it is Real, Christian Inscriptions in Roman Catacombs, Eruption Of Mt. A minority view during the Patristic period was that Levi and Matthew were separate individuals. I.2.26; Eusebius, h.e. [1] For the range of theories accounting for the redactional changes in Matthew 9:9 and 10:3, see the helpful summaries compiled by Joachim Gnilka, Das Matthusevangelium, HTKNT (Freiburg: Herder, 1986), 1.330-31; W. D. Davies and Dale C. Allison, The Gospel According to Matthew: Matthew VIIIXVIII, ICC (London and New York: T&T Clark, 2006), 2.9899; cf. [17] W. D. Davies and Dale C. Allison (A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on The Gospel According to Saint Matthew. James E. Crouch; Hermeneia (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001), 32n.12; Ian Boxall, Matthew through the Centuries (Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell, 2019), 31, 172. , TSAJ 91 (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2002). A beam of light illuminates the faces of the men at the table who are looking at Jesus Christ. Saint Matthew made a very small decision at the time that ended up not only affecting his life, and the people of his time, but he made a choice that affected all of mankind in the future as well. All of the harsh and disapproving things He could have or should have said to Matthew would have been justified as far as the culture around them was concerned. There is a lot of controversy in recent centuries about that subject. Why Do Jesus' Middle Eastern Apostles Have Common English Names? There is no indication that Matthew wrote anything (contra John 21:24; Moreover, Matthew hardly features more as a character in the narrative than in the other two Synoptic Gospels to be the key source of the Matthean traditions. However, Jesus Christ is of the tribe of Judah. [4] When Origen of Alexandria searched for a parallel for why Saul was surnamed Paul in the preface of his Commentary on Romans, he pointed out that the same individual appears under different names in Matthew 9:9 and Luke 5:27 (PG 14.836). This English translation of the Greek text is taken from Michael W. Holmes, editor, Matthew Black, The Use of Rhetorical Terminology in Papias on Matthew and Mark. 3.27.4; 3.39.17; 4.22.8). Matthew did follow Jesus for the rest of his life. Vir. Krzingers and Gundrys proposals have varying degrees of persuasiveness, but most scholars have not been swayed by their contention that Papiass words on Matthew have been misread through the centuries. Meet the Apostle Nathanael, a 'True Israelite' - Learn Religions The Romans were their enemies. News of his preaching and healing ministry was spreading far and wide. Most general Bible readers have the mistaken impression that Matthew, the opening book of the New Testament, must be our first and earliest Gospel, with Mark, Luke and John following. Then Levi held a great banquet for Jesus at his house, and a large crowd of tax collectors and others were eating with them. This could be a good possibility for the changing of the names. This is not a solitary occurrence within Matthews Gospel: the evangelist inserted the mother of the sons of Zebedee into one pericope (Matt 20:20; cf. Matthew authored the first Gospel of the . Because of that, Levi later threw a party at his house and invited his sinner friends to meet Jesus. Wright --University of Arizona, Center for Judaic Studies Why Did Jesus Say, "On This Rock I Will Build My Church"? (Matthew 16) [33] For lexical discussion and debate about the term logion in Papiass vocabulary (cf. 29.9.4; 30.3.7; 30.13.2; 30.14.3) and Jerome (Epist. Both books are addressed to the same persona man named Theophilus. Matthew, or Levi, son of Alpheus, was one of the seven who received a call to follow Christ before the ordination of the Twelve. While He was on the cross, He cried out, "Eloi Eloi Lama Sabachthani," which means "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?". Key Verse: 6:13, "When morning came, he called his disciples to him and chose twelve of them, whom he also designated apostles". The fishermen who followed Jesus, and some became His Apostles, had to pay taxes on fishing licenses and perhaps on their daily catch. Or Levi was having a lot of friends over for dinner that night and asked Jesus if He would come, too. Mark 10:35) and swapped Salome for her in another (Matt 27:56; cf. Luz, Matthew 17, 80. Bible Lesson: Jesus' Message is for Everyone (Mark 2:13-17) He called us when all we had was need. 8:2; 19:13; Isa. [31] Warren Carter, Matthew: Storyteller, Interpreter, Evangelist (Peabody: Hendrickson, 2004), 17. T/F, 4. Perhaps they did so because Levis call narrative closely resembled the summons of the first four apostles to discipleship in Mark 1:1620 and Alpheus was already remembered as the father of one of the apostles in Mark 3:18. Teilband 1, ed. But go and learn what this means: I desire mercy, not sacrifice. For I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners. Matthew 9:9-13, Matthew is the ONLY one of the Gospel writers who uses his changed name from Levi to Matthew. "Follow Me" | Desiring God Religion is "a matter between every man and his maker, in which no other, & far less the public, [has] a . Was the Gospel of Matthew written by Levi aka Matthew in Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek? with Q or M may depend on a given scholars acceptance or not of the Four Source theory as classically formulated. Life-Changing Lessons from the Life of Matthew - Becoming Christians Consequently, the evangelist wrote Matthew into the Markan story of the toll collector in Matthew 9:9. Legend differs as to the scene of his missions and as to whether he died a natural death or a martyrs. h.e. From the place where he collected taxes near the Sea of Galilee (probably on the outskirts of Capernaum), Matthew may often have heard Jesus speak and must have known about his many miracles. [5] Mounce, Matthew, 83; France, Evangelist and Teacher, 69, 69n.54; Morris, Matthew, 219; Robert H. Gundry, Matthew: A Commentary on his Handbook for a Mixed Church Under Persecution, 2nd ed. summer | 4.2K views, 92 likes, 102 loves, 53 comments, 67 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from The Ramp: His presence is here, worship with us at Summer. This is a quite different case from that of an individual having both a Semitic and a Greek or Latin name, as well as from that of an individual having a Semitic name and also a nickname or family name."[7]. [20], Krzinger and Gundry re-read the Papian fragment through the lens of rhetorical categories. According to Luke 5:29, the aforementioned dinner was given by Levi in his house after his call. These Jewish tax collectors were disdained by the Jews. At worst, they were charlatans, sycophants, and brutes (cf. "Follow me," he said to him. Jesus went out again by the sea. [9] In both instances, certain copyists of Marks Gospel were unaware of the conflation of Levi with Matthew in Matthew 9:9 and 10:3, yet still turned the character in Mark 2:14 into an apostle. Biblical literature - The Gospel According to Matthew Vielhauer and Strecker, Jewish Christian Gospels, 15465; Klijn. Verse 15. Tax collectors were not very respected people in Jesus' time because many of them stole from the people. Perhaps they did so because Levis call narrative closely resembled the summons of the first four apostles to discipleship in Mark 1:1620 and Alpheus was already remembered as the father of one of the apostles in Mark 3:18. What does Matthew 9:9 mean? | BibleRef.com Christoph Markschies und Jens Schrter (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck 2012), 606; Kok, Papias of Hierapolis, 4752; Andrew Gregory, The Gospel according to the Hebrews and the Gospel of the Ebionites (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 34, 78. Assuming that the identification of Matthew with Levi is correct, Matthew (probably meaning "Yahweh's Gift") would appear to be the Christian name of Levi (called by Mark "Levi the son of Alphaeus"), who had been employed as a tax collector in the service of Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee. 47:13-15), yet God . H. Gundry, 287291; James R. Edwards, The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 35; Shanks, Papias, 12529, 195; Bauckham, Eyewitnesses, 214. [32] Harris J. Rendel, The Logia and the Gospels Contemporary Review 72 (1897): 341348; F. C. Grant, The Gospels: Their Origins and Growth (New York: Harper, 1957), 65, 144. Sometimes the men took too much money. One theory is that Matthew went by the name Levi, or was simply of the tribe of Levi, and was re-named by Jesus as Matthew upon his call. 40.9; Ezech. And many followed him ( Mark 2:15 ). The important take-away from this detour through the Patristic testimonies was that the oldest tradition was that the evangelist Matthew published a text in Aramaic and left it to more qualified translators to translate it into the form that we have today as the Greek Gospel according to Matthew. Levi had to keep very accurate records. [41], Papiass notice that Matthew addressed a Palestinian Jewish audience in their own vernacular language (i.e., Aramaic) was repeated in subsequent Patristic literature (e.g., Irenaeus, haer. [30] For instance, see France, Evangelist and Teacher, 6466; Morris, Matthew, 14; Carson, Matthew, 13 Osborne, Matthew, 34; Brown and Roberts, Matthew, 16. This leads Dennis MacDonald to maintain that Papiass supposition about the multiple translations of Matthews oracles was an explanation for the dissimilar Greek texts of Q and Matthew. Christian missionaries have taught people in Papua, New Guinea who had many gods before their conversion to recite the Hebrew Shema announcing only ONE GOD. 3.39.16). [21] Krzinger, Papias, 1214, 2122, 5256; Gundry, Matthew, xxixxii, 61820; idem, Pre-Papian Tradition, 6364, 6768. His symbol is an angel, and he is a patron saint of tax collectors and accountants. Jesus Christ and Saint Peter have entered the room, and Jesus is pointing at Matthew. [36] Ultimately, the identification of Matthews oracles with Q or M may depend on a given scholars acceptance or not of the Four Source theory as classically formulated. Mark 16:1),[11] though this example differs slightly from Matthew 9:9 inasmuch as the woman is left unnamed. Why did Jesus change the name of only three of his apostles? | The Jonah was in the belly of the whale 4 days. Matthew, the seventh apostle, was chosen by Andrew. As Jesus was having a meal in Levi's home, many tax collectors and sinners were eating with Jesus and his disciples . Jesus did not call us because of our righteousness or gifting. 4. David: So, Matthew was one of Christ's disciples. Even so, most readers of the New Testament throughout history have taken the identification of Levi with Matthew for granted. The double tradition is mostly comprised of sayings, but there are a couple of narratives (e.g., Matt 4:111/Luke 4:113; Matt 8:513/Luke 7:110). Matthew (also known as Levi) doubtless was one of the tax collectors who responded to John the Baptist's call to repentance. This is a painting of the Calling of Saint Matthew in San Luigi dei Francesi in Rome. Krzinger and Gundry insist that dialektos would be preceded by an article if a language was intended (cf. In Mark 2:14, Jesus calls Levi, a tax collector and son of Alphaeus, to follow him, much as Jesus calls other disciples, and at first Levi does follow Jesus.

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