I hope to follow up with more later, although it is a lot of work. The pound had an average inflation rate of 4.86% per year between 1930 and 2017, producing a cumulative price increase of 6,113.29%. Bulletin U.S. BLS, No. Coffee cost an average of 39 per pound in 1930. 789. Virginia: Richmond Table 9 and Table 10 (Click image for detail), "75 Years of American Finance: A Graphic Presentation 1861-1935" Minor discrepancies can occur because we use the latest CPI data for inflation, annualized inflation numbers for previous years, and we compute S&P price and dividends from January of 1930 to latest available data for 2023 using average monthly close price. Source: Texas state Bureau of Labor Statistics. Its fractional unit is Penny, 1 GBP = 100 Penny (s). Alabama: Mobile Table 9 and Table 10 With the following 10 Gold Price by Year charts, you will be able to ascertain where the gold price in US dollar terms was for whichever year you are researching over the last century. Minnesota: Minneapolis Table 9 and Table 10 - Libra Peso Bolivar . Texas: Houston Table 9 and Table 10 Mainly covers cotton textiles, shoes and paper industries. Article includes tables showing wage breakouts for Jewish and Arabian laborers in Palestine, working in agricultural industry, manufacturing and construction. Shown in both Japanese and US currency. Earnings for day and piece-rate workers. Used car prices by age, make and model - 1938 . (Here we are again assuming that the dollars value was linked to gold at $20.67/oz. Source: "Women in the economy of the USA: a summary report," Women's Bureau Bulletin, #155. Therefore the arbitrage free exchange rate (known as a 'cross rate') between the French franc and the British pound was 5.8464 * 4.768 = 27.8757 francs per British pound. Was an annual wage of 25 pounds per year in 1780 much compared to the wage rates at the time? This article lists specific fixed daily wages in combinations of rubles and grain in kilograms. Includes wages for child labor in cigarette factories. Source: Shows average salaries paid to Canadian teachers with breakouts by province, type of school, and sex of teacher. Wages are shown in both US and Swedish currency. The trade pressures of the time pushed even hard-money-loving Austria to devalue. (All of this mirrors France.) Wages are shown in Yugoslavian dinars. In March 1925, the krone was replaced with the shilling, which was basically the same with four fewer zeros. Use the index to find the page number in this source. Source: The Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBR) Source: BLS, Shows the average hourly wages of carvers, finishers, cabinetmakers, and more in the Italian town of Norava. Source: Appraisers and assessors manual, p. 478. Shows average daily wages of 12 different occupations in various Italian cities. Shows pay rates for white and "colored" teachers for the states of. Value of $1 from 1776 to 2023 $1 in 1776 is equivalent in purchasing power to about $34.39 today, an increase of $33.39 over 247 years. Source: BLS. all contents copyright Nathan Lewis 2005-TEXT. Source: BLS Monthly Labor Review, February 1932, Shows the average hourly wages for select occupations in Hungary. Charts compare family income by race, breakouts by North/South and urban or rural. Pennsylvania: Scranton Table 9 and Table 10 Connecticut: Bridgeport Table 9 and Table 10 A composite index is created by combining price data from several different published sources, both official and unofficial. Conversion Rate (Buy/Sell) USD/GBP = 1.2027061. Wages are in 1937 US dollars. This two-page table shows the rates by county, expressed in cents per hour. Links to government documents and primary sources listing retail prices for products and services, as well as wages for common occupations. The site's GBP/USD forecast for 2030 suggested an average of $1.38. Shows estimated average tuition and other required fees for higher education in 1939 and 1947. Milk cost an average of 56 per gallon in 1930. Pound to Dollar forecast by day. In 1930, less than 10% of workersearned enough to be required to file afederal income tax return. One EUR is equivalent to 1936.27 ITL. Shows daily wages of 12 different occupations in Marseilles, in US dollars. The pound was returned to its prewar gold parity in 1920-1925. From November 1937, there is an "official" rate (shown) and also an "export" rate, which is about 22% lower in value. Shows the weekly wages of various occupations in Swiss farming as well as the daily wages of day laborers. Shown in both Finnish and US currency. Prices for sheets and fabrics are also provided. COST OF LIVING / CONSUMER EXPENDITURES The US dollar rate against the British pound was 476.80 US cents per pound or 4.768 US dollars per pound. Shows the average monthly and hourly wages for various occupations in Buenos Aires during 1938. To help put this inflation into perspective, if we had invested $1 in the S&P 500 index in 1930, our investment would be nominally worth approximately $5,746.56 in 2023. This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. The second portion of this table looks at the income of men and women in various occupation groups. Lets start by reviewing what was going on with the two major international currencies of that time, the British pound and the U.S. dollar. "A good hotel room cost only $4 or $5 a day, while a hospital charges $6 and$7" [in 1930]. U.S. dollar has settled below the 105 level after the release of PMI reports. 80 480. Lists wages and hours in the baking industry broken out by occupation, gender, and city. 300-308, Automobile prices paid by farmers, 1935-1960, Health items at drugstores - Average retail prices. Shown in both Great Britain and US currency. Source: BLS Bulletin, no. Includes analysis of, Shows wages for adult males. (officially) in the wartime period and through the 1920s, although that was certainly not the actual case, as we looked at previously. Source: Pages 681-688 details the state of wages throughout Greece in the early stages of the Great Depression. 284-288of, Entertainers' earnings- The 1938 edition of, Farm wage rates by geographical division, 1935-1939, Manufacturing wages - SEE box below(scroll down this page), Metals and machine trades, pp. Nebraska: Omaha Table 9 and Table 10 View GBP / USD Currency Calculator. Pennsylvania: Philadelphia Table 9 and Table 10 Wages are shown in comtemporary US dollars. California: Los Angeles Table 9 and Table 10 GBP 0.01 [ 1 bid] Approximately C $0.02. Shows data from several surveys that looked into the average annual expenditures for food, rent, clothing, and medical care. This means the inflation-adjusted real return of our $1 investment is $319.78. You may also want to account for capital gains tax, which would take your real return down to around $272 for most people. Chicago, Illinois experienced the lowest rate of inflation during the 93 years between 1930 and 2023 (3.02%). Find retail prices for clothing, jewelry, toys, household decor and furnishings, gift items and more. Source:Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis. Article also includes tables showing union daily wage rates in, Shows the average weekly wages for a variety of occupations and industries in Poland. The inflation rate in 1930 was -2.34%. It reportspersonal and household income as well as consumer expenditures in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Detail for states beginning with. Check the. According to the Office for National Statistics, each of these GBP amounts below is equal in terms of what it could buy at the time: This conversion table shows various other 1930 amounts in today's pounds, based on the 8,262.73% change in prices: Our calculations use the following inflation rate formula to calculate the change in value between 1930 and today: Then plug in historical CPI values. Source: BLS, Shows the minimum wage in various states throughout Mexico. There are also some larger coins not in common circulation (but still legal tender): 5 pounds 20 pounds 50 pounds 100 pounds Until 1984, there was a half penny, and for a while during the 70s and early 80s, there was a 25 pence piece. Source: BLS, Pages 682-686 details the state of wages throughout Japan in the early stages of the Great Depression. Argentina: Here is the exchange rate between the Argentine Peso and the US dollar, from 1916-1941, as represented in U.S. cents per peso. Ohio: Cincinnati Table 9 and Table 10 by STATE So, I dug into it. See below for direct links to occupations: Shows wages for 15 skilled and 8 semi-skilled construction occupations as well as for unskilled construction labor. Source: BLS Monthly Labor Review, March 1932. November 18, 2012: The Federal Reserve in the 1920s, March 25, 2012: The U.S. Dollar During WWI and the Recession of 1920. Costs of food items starts on page 13. S&P 500 Global Services PMI increased from 46.8 in January to 50.6 in February, while ISM Non . Monthly Average US Dollar per 1 British Pound Monthly average. Select Year: Today's range: 1.1944-1.1975. The cost of 8150 Australian Dollars in Isle of Man Pounds today is 4,583.53 according to the "Open Exchange Rates", compared to yesterday, the exchange rate decreased by -0.02% (by -0.0001). The current inflation rate compared to last year is now 6.41%. Note: this report also contains a great deal of interesting detail on the size, material, condition and amenities available in farm homes. 1. Include tables that break down the information by gender, occupation, and give average hourly and weekly earnings for workers. To must be after From. Includes both land and buildings. ft. condo is a 4 bed, 3.0 bath unit. Average wages, hours and earnings by occupation and sex and by sex and district. Shows wages and hours of workers in the cotton industry over a 23 year period. Details of workers' hourly and weekly earnings in the ammunition industry in October 1937. Again, we are assuming that the dollars value was $20.67/oz. "2022 was a Good Deal ($94.01) Best Price ($89.53) Amazon Price History Date Range 1m 3m 6m 1y All Price Type Amazon 3rd Party New 3rd Party Used Chart Options Close-up View Remove Extreme Values View at Amazon Amazon Price History Details sakura loses naruto fanfiction Silver Futures Overview Technical Chart Silver Futures 23.832 -0.103 ( -0.43 %) Max . Covers a wide variety of occupations, such as railroad sleeping car conductors, boat captains, music engravers and musicians, hatters, actors, barbers, turkish bath attendants, artists, office workers, store clerks, enbalmers and many more. Average yearly wage, reported with and without board (meals). Foreign Exchange Rates, 1913-1941: Just Looking At the Data As of 06:54 PM EST 02/27/2023 EDT. Source: BLS. Select Currency: Australian Dollar Bahraini Dinar Canadian Dollar Chinese Yuan Danish Krone Euro Japanese Yen 100 Jordanian Dinar Kuwaiti Dinar Norwegian Krone Omani Riyal Pound Sterling Qatari Riyal Saudi Riyal Swedish . Source: BLS Monthly Labor Review, Aug 1935. The Austrian krone was actually repegged to gold in September 1922, at the devalued rate. Countries used in: United States; Major unit: One United States dollar; Minor unit: One cent; Minor units (cents) per United States dollar: 100; Note denominations: $1, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100 Table shows the values of used Hudson and Packard automobiles in the year 1930. 646. Currency and Coinage. Belgium did not follow the British pound devaluation in 1931. Source: U.S. Women's Bureau Bulletin #171. View historical and today's current inflation rates, using the CPI provided by the United States government. Source: BLS. A pound today only buys 1.196% of what it could buy back then. The exchange rate of the Australian Dollar in relation to the Isle of Man Pound on the chart, the table of the dynamics of the cost as a percentage for the day, week, month and year. For example, if there are 120 to the dollar and 1.2 to the dollar then the number of yen per euro is 120/1.2 = 100. Average dollar value per acre for farm land (along with any buildings on the land), broken out by U.S. region. Download Historical Data Export Image Click and drag in the plot area or select dates: YTD | 6 Months | 1 Year | 5 Years | 10 Years | 20 Years | All Years Nevertheless, I get an idea of what was going on during those years that is basically unobtainable from written narratives. Includes Dec. 1936 - Mar. Manufacture year: 2007. See data considerations for explanation. The current inflation rate page gives more detail on the latest inflation rates. 100 in 1930 is equivalent in purchasing power to about 8,362.73 today, an increase of 8,262.73 over 93 years. Shown in both Brazilian and US currency. It was divided into 100 piastres or 1000 milliemes. The U.S. CPI was 16.7 in the year 1930 and 299.17 in 2023: $1 in 1930 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as $17.91 in 2023. Wages are shown in both Belgian and US currency. Wages are shown in. Please check your download folder. Of course we can see the dollar devaluation of 1933, and the resumption of the dollar gold standard at $35/oz. A sovereign was a gold coin worth one pound and a paper note of the same value was called a "quid." A guinea is 1 1s. Average hourly earnings, hours, comparisons. This article describes the daily wages paid to workers in French-occupied Indo-China, including breakouts for the cities of Hanoi and Saigon. Seven such communities were analyzed for this report. 10 100 1000 1930.00 USD = 1562.49 GBP Follow news in the Economic Calendar Currency converter - Light Version The magnitude of the numbers in the list does not indicate, by themselves, the strength or weakness of a particular currency. As we can see, the peso was kept in a fairly tight (for Argentina) range with the pound. 205-236, Paper, printing and publishing trades, pp. Belgium also experienced devaluation during WWI and a few years afterward (probably following the French franc). Source: BLS, Shows the average hourly wages in the paper and wood-pulp industries in Finland. Shown in both Danish and US currency. The Consumer Price Index, normally used to compute inflation, has only been tracked since 1988. Hourly wages for construction workers by occupation, state and town, 1938. He has worked for Google, NASA, and consulted for governments around the world on data pipelines and data analysis. Liquor prices in Virginia by brand name and by type of. In order to evaluate the real return on our investment, we must calculate the return with inflation taken into account. September 30, 2012: Currency Devaluations of the 1930s. 1930 GBP = 2323.9013 USD 1930 United States Dollar To British Pound Exchange Rates Updated: Feb 28,2023 20:37 UTC Full history please visit GBP/USD History Convert British Pound (GBP) To United States Dollar (USD) History Exchange Rate Full history please visit GBP/USD Exchange Rates History Convert 1930 British Pound (GBP) to other currencies The belga was worth five francs; the gold link was basically at the prevailing value of the franc when it was repegged to gold. 30 514.60 19. He has worked for Google, NASA, and consulted for governments around the world on data pipelines and data analysis. See gasoline prices by the gallon and motor oil by the quart in each of 65 countries. The average startingwage for common labor was 43 per hour in July 1930. CPI is the weighted combination of many categories of spending that are tracked by the government. The ITL conversion factor has 6 significant digits. This is not about gasoline, but was the sort of gas commonly used in residences for cooking and heating water. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Article includes many data tables and extends from page 456-470. The British pound has its origins in continental Europe under the Roman era. Wages are shown in both US and Australian currency. Shows median salaries of teachers and principals by state. Breaking down these categories helps explain the main drivers behind price changes. Email: concannonm@missouri.edu The exchange rate of the Gibraltar Pound in relation to the Brunei Dollar on the chart, the table of the dynamics of the cost as a percentage for the day, week, month and year. You may use the following MLA citation for this page: Value of 1930 British pounds today | UK Inflation Calculator. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 20 Feb. 2023, https://www.officialdata.org/uk/inflation/1930. 499, p. 275. CIA. The 1,009 sq. New York: Newark Table 9 and Table 10 9.41. Mar 1.203264 - 2 days. or twelve pounds, ten shillings and . Until 1931, the Australian and British pounds were officially at parity although there were small variations in the market exchange rate. Source: BLS. Coal price by city, 1930 In other words, a dollar will pay for fewer items at the store. Im surprised at how many people have downloaded this, and continue to do so, which indicates continuing interest in what is certainly a very wonky topic. Shows the average wages of multiple occupation in the mining industry. A guinea in the early 19th century was worth 21 shillings, or just over one 1, so 2,000 guineas would be worth 2,010 pounds, which is a whole hell of a lot. Source: Shows average weekly wages for a variety of occupations and industries. Values are generally expressed as .s.d., or else l.s.d., as in 12 10s. Source: BLS. Ford Motor Company considered $7/day its "minimum wage" in 1929. Source: BLS Monthly Labor Review, May 1937 and May 1938 Use the following hyperlinks to see values for AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI,MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY. Table shows average hourly wage rates for male and female workers of various skill levels, by industry. Shows the average weekly wages for selected occupations in Texas for men, women, and boys. Dollar to Pound forecast for October 2023. For various income categories, this table shows how families were spending their money. Shows the median weekly wages of Pennsylvanians in ages groups between 11 and 75+ for both men and women. Shown in both Indian and US currency. Shows standard family budgets by date and family size. The pound was a unit of currency as early as 775AD in Anglo-Saxon England, equivalent to 1 pound weight of silver. Tables show wages for military, industry, and commerce workers, and describes how their wages changed throughout the war. Check out the GBP to USD history rates below. You may use the following MLA citation for this page: $1 in 1930 2023 | Inflation Calculator. Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 20 Feb. 2023, https://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1930?amount=1. 7-22. Elementary school teachers in large citiesearned a median $2,118 in 1930. Heres the value of the British pound in terms of gold. Wages in the countries of Estonia, Finland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands and Yugoslavia are discussed in a chapter on pages 1153-1208. Annual inflation over this period was 3.11%. Source: BLS. I find it is often best to start by just looking at what is available, and coming to some basic and obvious conclusions, rather than trying to shoehorn the historical evidence into some preconceived agenda, which is what most other works consist of. Source: BLS. Average earnings and hours worked for workers in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing in 15 states. An exchange rate between two currencies fluctuates over time. Article starts on page 59 of the BLS Monthly Labor Review, July 1939 issue. Wages are shown in both contemporary Dutch guilders and US dollars. View USD Rates Table. The USD to GBP forecast at the end of the month 0.851, change for October 3.0%. Although economic warfare has been fought before, we are entering a new, unprecedented era of the weaponization of money, writes Alan Bollard. There were a lot of capital controls during wartime and soon afterwards. Shows the average hourly wages of carpenters, masons, hod carriers, journeymen, cement workers, and joiners in Amsterdam. Wages in manufacturing medicines and personal grooming products mostly in factories located in IL, IA and NJ plus thirteen additional states. 49 5.20 40.20 20. The current inflation rate page gives more detail on the latest inflation rates. Average retail price of coal by city for April and May of 1931 and 1932. Wages are shown in contemporary Danish krone. Although a lot has been said about that time, most of it is alas garbage. Skip to Main Content . After 1933, the peso is basically linked to the pound, via capital controls as previously mentioned. The change for today +0.0018 Dollars, +0.15%. Shows average weekly wages and hours worked per week by men, women and boys in a variety of job settings, including barbershops, beauty parlors, laundries, hospitals, hotels and cafes, mercantile establishments, printing, manufacturing and more. Table 8 shows average salaries of instructional staff (principals, supervisors and teachers) for every state in every year from 1929-1946. Lists average college tuition, student fees, room and board for 1933 and 1934. 5 John Pound Rd # 17, Tillsonburg, ON N4G5X is a condo unit listed for-sale at $850,000. USD exchange rate in May 2020 according to XE: This article incorporates public domain material from World Factbook. Wages are shown in both US and Norwegian currency. Tracks price changes between the invasion of Poland (August 1939) and the attack on Pearl Harbor in December, 1941. at the best online prices at eBay! Jan 1.223652 - 31 days. Also details the quality of housing, typical home furnishings, etc. Shows wages for vehicle builders, millers, streetcar workers and more. Notes: *China changed currency to the New Yuan. Shows the daily wages of Hungarian plumbers, tailors, and more. Compares earned income for white and non-white races, with breakouts by sex. View more property details, sales history and Zestimate data on Zillow. Source: Shows monthly wages of boys enrolled in CCC camps. 498-524 of this source. 174-205, Printing and publishing: newspapers, pp. Wages are shown in US currency. This calculator can be used to determine the historical purchasing power of currency in the United Kingdom from 1270 to 2017. 6d. by OCCUPATION One-page table shows the average amount billed for residential electricity service on October 1 or January 1 of each year for cities over 50,000 population. A pack ofcigarettes (20-count) cost about 14 in 1935. However, it is useful to look at the variation over time of a particular exchange rate. Connecticut: New Haven Table 9 and Table 10 It does not give actual retail prices. Historical Chart 1,930 GBP/USD The. The Five Indices Used Consumer Price Index (CPI) Depicts the hourly wages of various German industries sorted by industrial or textile occupations and sorted by skill-level. Source: BLS Bulletin no. Includes annual consumption by family and prices on selected food items. View more than 20 years of USD to CAD exchange rate historical data below or choose over 55 other .This is an increase of 0.914095% (or +2.80584 GBP) compared with the same time last year (11 December 2021), when 360 Euro equaled 306.953 Pound. Wages shown in contemporary US dollars. Government Documents Department, Ellis Library The pound had an average inflation rate of 4.87% per year between 1930 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 8,262.73%. Maybe you can see why I did this. Includes a chart showing the, Each industry is handled separately in this extensive article from the U.S. BLS. Money is worth less than it did a month ago, and a lot less than it did a year ago. A great many misconceptions today stem from that time. Please check your download folder. The average for the month 0.842. Dollar Yen Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, Dollar Yuan Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, Euro Dollar Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, AUD US Dollar Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, Euro Swiss Franc Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, Euro Pound Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, Euro Yen Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, Pound Yen Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, NZD - US Dollar Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, US Dollar Franc Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, US Dollar Peso Exchange Rate - Historical Chart, LIMIT THE USE OF MY SENSITIVE PERSONAL INFORMATION, Pound Dollar Exchange Rate (GBP USD) - Historical Chart. March 25, 2012: The U.S. Dollar During WWI and the Recession of 1920 Of course we can see the dollar devaluation of 1933, and the resumption of the dollar gold standard at $35/oz. Gives the price per kilowatt hour and total net monthly bill for households having various electrical appliances in 1936. Shows wages for domestic workers employed in private homes, with breakouts by race for cooks, kitchen helpers, housekeepers, chamber maids, parlor maids, governesses, child's nurses, laundresses and more. Wages are shown in both contemporary Dutch guilders and US dollars. Source: 1930 Census of Agriculture. Spinners' and weavers' wages in the textile industry, Wages established by collective agreements in Germany, 1931-1932, Furniture making job hours wages in Germany, 1893-1932, Machine-building industry wages in Germany, 1931, Building trades earnings in Germany, 1932, masons, carpenters, helpers and underground workers, Wages rates in principle industries in Germany, 1933, Hours and earnings by industry in Germany, 1934-35, Average hourly and weekly gross earnings for German workers, 1935, Average hourly and weekly gross earnings of German workers, 1936, Average wage rates in Germany by industry, 1938, Wages by industry in London and Glasgow, 1930, Agricultural worker wages, hours and earnings in Great Britain, 1936, Railway services wages - Great Britain, 1932-1933, Truck driver wages in Great Britain, 1934, Wartime wage changes in Great Britain, 1939-1940, Wages by occupation - Budapest, 1929-1931, Average wages by occupation - French Indo-China, 1930, Average yearly wages in the Soviet Union, 1929-1932, Payments-in-kind earnings of peasants on Kolkhoz farms, 1935-1937, Fixed wages for agricultural workers, 1935, Agricultural wages - Switzerland in 1914, 1921, 1930, Wages by occupation - Yugoslavia, 1935-1937, Wages in 16 European countries by city and occupation, 1931, Wages and hours in Europe and Canada, 1938-1947, Wages in the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, and the Baltic countries, 1929-1932, Wages of seamen on American and European vessels, 1932, Wages of seamen in the principal maritime countries, 1935, Servants' wages in British colonies and protectorates, 1930, Distribution of family income in the US, 1935-1936, Food price averages for each year from 1890-1970, Food and drink prices paid by farmers, 1910-1960, Cigarette and tobacco prices paid by farmers, 1935-1960, Home valuesby state and owner's race, 1930, Rent for affordable housing in New York City, 1937, Sears home plans with estimated costs to build, 1908-1939, Farm real estate - Average value by state and county, 1930, Farm land and buildings - Value per acre by U.S. region, 1850, Farm values (land and structures) by state and selected counties, 1935, Farm houses - Cost to build per square foot, 1934, Farm real estate values in Midwestern states, 1912-2019, Building material prices paid by farmers, 1910-1960, Electricity - Average monthly bill, 1930-1939, Electricity, average monthly bills for residential service, by city - 1936, New cars - Average price reportedmonthlyfrom1929-1933, Used car prices by age, make and model - 1938, Motor supply prices paid by farmers, 1910-1960, Average retail price of gasoline, 1929-2011, Gasoline prices, taxes and annual gas consumption per vehicle, 1920-1939, Gasoline prices paid by farmers, 1910-1943, Greyhound bus fares from Washington DC, 1931, Passenger train fare in the U.S., 1871-1933, Railway passenger ticket prices - 1930-1933, compartments, upper berths, lower berths, bedrooms, drawing rooms, and private sections, RR ticket prices between NYC and Chicago, 1910-1944, Steamship fare from New York to Europe, ca.

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