Pros of Representative Democracy. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Race itself was never something I viewed another, in the way women are portrayed in modern culture and society. Goodin, R. 2004. In B. Grofman et al. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. 2. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Some of the most important are listed below. Justice and the politics of difference. Signs, 19(3), 713738. Required fields are marked *. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. Aldershot: Ashgate. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Gives others the ability to learn and develop new skills 3. London: Routledge. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. Pages 491-507. While To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Should blacks represent blacks and women represent women? The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. 1. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. Although the federal government of the United States is said to strive to construct a homogeneous nation when it comes to equal rights and opportunities for its citizens in different states and cities, there have been numerous historical occurrences that demonstrate opposing aims. ), Has liberalism failed women? This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. Return to Figure. 1. Should representatives be typical of their constituents? Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. This form of representation is called descriptive representation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. While Congress is dominantly a male, white institution, the creation of majority-minority districts in the early 1990s resulted in the election of African-Americans and Hispanics to Congress. (2004). (1993). Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. Or at least, that's one theory. Individuals may not be voting on individual issues within a representative democracy, but they can still have their opinions heard. (1999). Racial profiling and stereotyping are just two forms in which minorities have been facing for years. London: Sage. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. Previous Figure Next Figure. https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, CC BY. In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Experimental research offers the highest levels of control. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are . You do not currently have access to this chapter. Letters can be written to their representatives. In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. (Eds. It could be argued that PR delivers fairer treatment of minority parties and independent candidates. to the people they represent. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. The Journal of Politics, 61(3), 628657. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation pp 87110Cite as, Part of the Citizenship, Gender and Diversity book series (FEMCIT). Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Disadvantages of proportional representation. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. In S. Besson & J. L. Mart (Eds. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Cornell, D. (1995). Young, I. M. (1990). This allows more people to benefit from the decisions the government makes when compared with other types of ruling structures. The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Peter, F. (2011). Democracy With Adequate Representation. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. in or register, Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. - Volume 55 Issue 2. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. Enter your library card number to sign in. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. The rise of the unelected. Advantage. Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. Quantitative Methodology. Representatives. Holst, C. (2014). States of democracy: A gender perspective. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. View all access and purchase options for this article. African Americans made up the largest percentage, with forty-eight members, while Latinos accounted for thirty-two members, up from nineteen just over a decade before. Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Pitkin, H. F. (1972). The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . Habermas, J. Pros. For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. Hernes, H. (1987). Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. Advantages of Descriptive Research. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. 9. (2001). In K. Ross (Ed. Towards a European union gender equality index. Founding members of the CBC include John Conyers (D-MI), currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives, Charles Rangel (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm, a founder of the NWPC and the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Citing Literature. Democratic legitimacy. The rapid increase in the minority population has led to some backlash and challenges for law, Descriptive Representation In The United States, Descriptive representation has been on the rise for some time. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. blurted this. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. Minow, M. (1991). "Share icon", Quan Do, The Noun Project. Defending equality of outcome. Comparative state feminism. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Main Research Question. Gender and discourse. The article concludes with a discussion on the important avenues for future research as the level of diversity in Congress increases and more women and minorities enter the ranks of committee and party leadership. 9. The politics of presence. Thirdly, descriptive research is less expensive and time consuming. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. MMP will give voters more power in their decisions as well as create the kind of democratic government Canada is in dire need of. Young, I. M. (2000). The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). On the negative side, descriptive research can sometimes be skewed to fit the needs of the researcher. Pros of Representative Democracy. Rawls, J. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. This conclusion is complicated by the fact that some regard equal group level outcomes not as a good in and by itself but as the best available proxy for equal opportunities given available data and conventional statistical techniques (Phillips 2004). London: Routledge. Government American Congress Congressional Representation. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. Walby, S. (2011). Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Pros. Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. This essay will proceed as follows. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. 2. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. Fortunes of feminism. For minorities, America is not the land of the free. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? Wngnerud, L. (2009). We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. The two main types of representation are descriptive and agency representation. 2. In: Danielsen, H., Jegerstedt, K., Muriaas, R., Ytre-Arne, B. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. Part of Springer Nature. Mansbridge, J. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. Various reforms such as the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts were implemented during the civil rights era as they helped promote greater inclusion and equity to, but not limited to, African Americans and Mexican-Americans. The concept of representation. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log Young, I. M. (1994). Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. Purpose. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. Caption. Bacchi, C. (1999). Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Multicultural citizenship. Ethnic Heterogeneity Ethnic Heterogeneity also known as ethnic diversity is another variable associated with social disorganization theory that I consider to be one of the. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. Pros of Reservation System in India The Reservation System in India traces its roots back to the pre-independence era, when it was introduced to put an end to social evils such as untouchability and caste system. Cons are arguments against it. The body is responsible for implementing and drafting . - 136.243.94.45. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. ), Redistribution or recognition? Should Congress Look Like America? The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Reading a hundred pages may not give any scope to make a decision. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. Oxford: Oxford University Press. both quantitative and qualitative research. Galligan, Y. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. New York: Oxford University Press. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. 4. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip-tive representation most useful. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. Olsen, J. P. (2013). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Highlight the major advantages and disadvantages of the product, process, strategy, idea, etc.

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