kcse resources Study it carefully and follow the route of the water. This refers to the landscape position and the slopes it has. Along the banks of permanent rivers and in the spray of waterfalls are evergreen thickets similar in character to tropical rainforest, relics of a wetter past. Map The main sites are: This biome covers an area of only about 100km on the northern border with Malawi, being an extension of a much larger area in Malawi and Tanzania, and so is frequently not counted as present in Zambia. Figure 5 Extent of Desertification in Zambia Figure 6 Annual Rainfall (mm) per Province Figure 7 Maize production (kg) from 1987 to 1999 . What are Mumbais social and economic opportunities? Some bridges have been submerged in the same area, hampering access. Thus they produce a Rain shadow area. Landforms in the middle course of a river. Climate and specifically rainfall amount is the chief determinant of type and distribution of the ecoregions of Zambia. The government of Zambia through the ZVAC undertook an assessment of the impact of the drought situation on different sectors during the month of May 2019. Small earth dams are often constructed in dambos as a source of water and as fishponds. Weathering and mass movement in river valleys. Average annual rainfall over Zambia has decreased by an average rate of 1.9mm per month per decade since 1960 primarily due to decreases from December to February. Gwembe District was already facing Emergency (IPC Phase 4) levels of food insecurity due to the worst drought the country has seen since 1981. 70.5. Last year, the district recorded a 98 per cent reduction in maize production, compared to 2018 and the five-year average. Rainfall in South Africa How did the temperate deciduous woodland get like this? How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate? How is demand for energy changing in the UK? This type of rainfall is common in places with mountains and sea. Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic, Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. The result has This saturated cloud with water vapor begins to The views are spectacular from both the Zambian and Zimbabwean sides of the falls, and it is now a great time to book a helicopter flight over the falls. The dry season lasts 68 months, divided into the cool dry season or winter from April or May to August, followed by the hot dry season, September to November. It rains mostly on the windward slopes. Since the beginning of January, following the first floods in Mambwe and Lumezi, the DMMU has been distributing food, tents and water treatment chemicals for the affected population. Compared to many other Southern African countries, Zambia has relatively abundant land and water. 17 Western and north-western India recorded more malaria cases with higher rainfall during La . This low-pressure zone mostly lies over the Democratic Republic of . 82.8. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. In the Kppen climate classification, most of the country is classified as humid subtropical or tropical wet and dry, with small patches of semi-arid steppe climate in the south-west. Heavy rainfall has caused floods in Zambia, displacing hundreds of people and destroying crops in an area already experiencing a shortage of food. Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the . [citation needed], Deciduous trees which lose leaves in the dry season to conserve water predominate over evergreens which have waxy leaf cuticles for the same purpose. For example, with both mountains and valleys in the area, the local relief of Yosemite National Park is impressive. The fires are ignited by villagers hunting, burning crop residue, and preparing chitemene gardens; or by lightning in the early rainy season. The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems, casting a "shadow" of dryness behind them. proposed in areas not yet severely affected by land degradation and drought. Once over the top of the mountain the air will usually drop down the other side, warming as it does so. The numbers relate to the location labels on the map. Three climate regions are recognized based on rainfall dynamics and vegetation: Region 1: Tropical savannas covering the country's major valleys, including the driest areas of Zambia, with annual rainfall below 600 mm. Safaris, Madagascar If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. On the plateau (covering about 80% of the country) mean minimums for June in the cool dry season are in the range 612C, mean maximums for October, the hot dry season are 2835C. Grey dambo soils contain more nutrients but are waterlogged in the rainy season and often very acidic, restricting the plants which can grow there to sedges and wiry grasses tolerant of marshy conditions. At higher altitudes it can get a bit cooler. necta csee chemistry past papers agriculture Convectional rain. Traditionally, people have also migrated in the drier areas where rivers dambos are not prevalent. Heavy rainfall has driven flash and riverine flooding in Zambia, including in areas previously impacted by severe drought. Rainfall and recharge to a dolomite aquifer in a semi-arid climate at Kabwe, Zambia. The annual rainfall is more than 700 mm (28 in) in the Southern parts, while is more than 1,100 mm (43 in) in the northern parts. Traditionally some communities have divided the year into farming in the rainy season, and fishing and hunting in the dry season, when herbivores can be found more easily as they visit sources of water, and fires can be set to expose them or drive them into traps. Cultivated maize area has been on average 700,000 ha between 1987 and 2007, with largest area of 900,000 ha in 2008. Kalahari Sands in the south-west of the country are infertile and do not retain moisture, so are dominated mostly by deep-rooted trees with little growth in the understorey. Zambia Meteorological Department GENERAL SITUATION Generally, much of Zambia is likely to receive Normal to Above Normal rainfall during the 2019/2020 rainfall season. There are two main seasons: the rainy season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May to October/November), corresponding to winter. kcse revision notes What are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes? Extreme weather in the UK Beast from the East, Extreme Weather in the UK Summer Heatwave 2018. Indeed, the government buys maize from the farmers through the Food Reserve Agency (FRA) for two purposes: for resale to millers in case of a shortage and for relief in hunger stricken areas. Zambia climate: average weather, temperature - Climates to Travel How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro? conserves both inter-specific and intra-specific diversity of crop species . The average maximum temperatures during that period is between 24 and 28 degrees Celsius (75.2 and 82.4F) and it is very dry. None of the country is considered arid or to be desert. Lusaka City natural surface drainage (Natural Surface Water Flow Pattern) History has shown us that the rains are Image by BBC. For animals, adaptations to drought are seen in migration and breeding patterns, as well as the ability, found in rodents and reptiles especially, to obtain water requirements from food without the need to drink. Most parts of Zambia will experience normal to above normal rainfall in effect bring rainfall to the area. PDF Climate Change Risk Profile Zambia The elevation of the great central African plateau on which Zambia is located, typically between 1000 and 1300 metres, modifies temperatures, which are lower than for coastal areas at the same latitude, and pleasant for much of the year. The water cycle as it occurs in real life. In some years, it moves south of Zambia, leading to a "little dry season" in the north of the country for three or four weeks in December. The climate of the lower-lying South Luangwa and Lower Zambezi National Parks is considerably hotter: temperatures rise by about 6C for every 1,000m you descend (or 3.5F per 1,000ft). h) Rainfall falls mainly over a short period of time, about 15 - 20 minutes. How have plants adapted to cold environments? Philip is our Zambia expert and author of more than 20 guidebooks to Africa. Here is the average precipitation. Where are Temperate Deciduous Woodlands Located? Types of Rainfall - Mr Carter's IGCSE Geography How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate? Temperatures are higher at lower elevations, such as the Luapula-Mweru and Mweru-Wantipa/Tanganyika valleys in the north, and highest in the lower Luangwa and Zambezi valleys in the south, typically experiencing 40C in October. The Zambia PPCR is both strategic and transformational. What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? None of the country is arid. which specific area in zambia usually has relief rainfall Development, population change and the demographic transition model, Strategies for reducing the development gap, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? Highland areas to the west receive the most annual rainfall compared to the low-lying areas in the east. During the 2019/2020 rainy season, Zambia recorded above normal rainfall which resulted into flooding and dry spells in isolated parts of the country particularly in Western Province. Climate information for Zambia including average temperature, rain and snowfall totals. Kalantary, C. (2010). STUDY OF SOIL GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Zambia-specific climate change and (2) some empirical background on literature . the Western Province are also part of Zone 2.The zone has a total area of 27.4 million ha, of which 87% could be used for agricultural purposes, but only 50% of this is accessible.The remainder has been set aside for national parks, game management areas and forests.Zone 2 is characterised by an annual rainfall These losses reach as high as US$7.1 billion under Zambias worst rainfall scenario. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Relief rainfall, also known as orographic rainfall, occurs in areas where land increases height. Economic opportunities and challenges in Lagos. types of rainfall in zambia The biomes and ecoregions in the ecology of Zambia are described, listed and mapped here, following the World Wildlife Fund's classification scheme for terrestrial ecoregions, and the WWF freshwater ecoregion classification for rivers, lakes and wetlands. This area is known as a rain shadow. history GEOGRAPHY POINT GEOGRAPHY,HISTORY, MAPS AND GIS, EXPLORE THE WORLD OF GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND MAPS AN EDUCATIONAL SITE ABOUT GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. The rate of increase is most rapid in the winter, at 0.34C per decade. As the air rises, it cools, condenses and forms rain. Philip is the Zambia expert for SafariBookings and author of more than 20 guidebooks to Africa. As the air rises it cools and condenses. The elevation of the great plateau on which Zambia is located, typically between 1,000 and 1,300 metres (3,281 and 4,265ft), modifies temperatures, which are lower than for coastal areas at the same latitude, and pleasant for much of the year. These are Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western, Rain occurs on the Windward side and little/no rain on the leeward slope. Rainfall at Kabwe is stable over long periods of time but varies considerably in the short term over periods of approximately 8 and 4 years. What factors affect population density and distribution? Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. The main patches are in: Most of Zambia (around 80%) is in this extensive biome. How do weather and climate affect river landscapes? The food security situation is rain Weather Zambia, Satellite Weather Zambia, Weather Forecast, Rainfall, Clouds, Sun in Zambia - Source: SAT24.com During the cold months (June and July), the area west of the Line of Rail is coolest, with mean minimum temperatures mostly below the mid-40s F (about 7 C). Figure 1: Shows the study area (Zambia), marked green on the map of Africa. A total of 98 deaths occurred during October 4, 2017-May 12, 2018, in Lusaka; 40 (41%) deaths were reported by cholera treatment centers (CTCs), and 58 (59%) deaths occurred in the community. The Zambia Agribusiness and Trade Project (ZATP), which has a current total of $40 million in funds (2016-2024), is a flagship project that aims to deliver on the government's Jobs and Economic Transformation agenda. What is the impact of humans on the savanna? Most of Zambia forms part of the high plateau of this part of Africa (3,000 to 5,000 feet [900 to 1,500 metres] above sea level).Major relief features occur where river valleys and rifted troughs, some lake-filled, dissect its surface. Frontal Rainfall. 49. World Wildlife Fund: Encyclopedia of Earth. SPACE DYNAMICS AND CLIMATOLOGY How has urbanisation helped Nigeria to develop? In Southern Africa, countries have recently experienced malaria epidemics following unusual rainfall. This ecoregion is made up of grassland and shrubland, with a great variety of orchids and wildflowers on exposed hills, with forest in narrow valleys and small depressions. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya Zambia has seen an increase in intercropping between the two years, with 7 percent of the surveyed households adopting intercropping between 2012 and 2015, Physical relief maps actually have raised areas that represent different elevations. Different types of rainfall in the UK. The country does not suffer tornadoes or cyclones of widespread destructive force. The rain can be cooling, unlike in the humid tropics. We're expecting roughly 8 to 15 days of rain, so your rubber boots and . For this answer typeHow does Frontal Rainfall occurs?Miissmeg. Where do volcanoes and earthquakes happen? Light rain describes rainfall which falls at a rate of between a trace and 2.5 millimetres (0.098 in) per hour. Human and physical factors causing river flooding. The average temperatures are between 66F and 87F. What are the social and economic opportunities associated with the growth of Rio? Relief Rainfall. What is chemical and mechanical weathering? does not contain personal information, cannot be traced back to you, and, Lusakas Climate Compared to Zambias Parks, Zambia Open a list of all cookies. None of the country is considered arid or to be desert. kcse geography revision notes AN OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA - Central Connecticut State Climate and specifically rainfall amount is the chief determinant of type and distribution of the ecoregions of Zambia. However, except in the case of the last ecoregion listed, even where the canopy is extensive, at ground level the woodland is relatively open, affording quite easy passage by animals and people. Integrated learning-by-doing approach as a respond to climate change impacts. This means it has a greater ability to carry water moisture and so there is little rain on the far side of the mountain. Zambia is considered to be vulnerable to climate change. . The Mfuwe section of South Luangwa can be visited at any time of year. PDF How to Climate Proof Water and Sanitation Services in the Peri - WSUP Annual rainfall can reach up to about 1200 mm. PDF Zambia - Oecd Large parts of Zambia are thinly populated. Prevailing winds are not usually very strong and a lack of a great deal of dry fuel on the ground (since most areas are burnt annually it does not build up) means that the fires are not as devastating as in countries such as Australia and the south-western USA. [1], Rainfall varies over a range of 500 to 1,400mm (19.7 to 55.1in) per year (most areas fall into the range of 700 to 1,200mm or 27.6 to 47.2in). The leeward side is sometimes known as a rain shadow area. The highest rainfall is in the north, especially the north-west and the north-east, decreasing towards the south; the driest areas are in the far south west and the Luangwa River and middle Zambezi River valleys, parts of which are considered semi-arid. Frost only occurs on a few days in winter on the highest exposed hills, or more widely in the lower humidity areas of the southern half of the country. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He holds an Honours in Accountancy degree from the University of Zimbabwe. Hydrol., 59: 173--187. Frontal rain produces a variety of clouds, which bring moderate to heavy rainfall. website is used, as well as Advertising and social media cookies (including cookies from trusted Projected Weather and Climate. Safaris. Clouds form, and precipitation occurs. More About Us. Economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran. Relief Rainfall. Here are the three main types of rainfall: Relief Rainfall. k) Highland areas along the equator experience modifi ed equatorial climate. Copy. Zambia is divided into three agro-ecological zones with distinct mean annual rainfall, ranging from 600mm to 1200mm. Since 1960, there has been an average decrease in annual rainfall of 1.9 mm per decade. When it cools to the dew point, clouds form and rain follows.This usually occurs on flat land.This type of rainfall often causes summer showers and thunderstorms.. i) The rainfall is heavy and falls throughout the year, averaging about 2 000 mm. Three terrestrial biomes are well represented in the country (with an additional one extending a few kilometres over the border). National Geographic/World Wildlife Fund: "Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World. population studies Before the floods, more than 2.3 million people were expected to be severely food insecure during the lean season (October 2019 March 2020), with at least 430,000 of them in Emergency (IPC 4). In the UK, prevailing winds from the west lead to air rising over upland areas like the Pennines. pp (EUR), Zambia: Lucy is travel writer for a range of publications, including Lonely Planet's guides to Africa, Southern Africa and South Africa. What is migration and why do people migrate? Case study 7: Exploring daily rainfall data to investigate evidence of climate change in southern Zambia and its implication for farmers in the area Parin Kurjia, Durton Nanja b, Roger Sternc a Head, Biometry Unit, Department of Crop Science, University of Overview; Climate Data. The main aspects of the physical environment which determine the biomes and ecoregions of Zambia are: climate, specifically rainfall amount, length of the dry season, and temperature, which is related to elevation; and soils and bushfires. How does geology affect the formation of river landforms? [17][citation needed] The Government of Zambia, like many other countries, had recognised the need to "integrate gender concerns" into all major policies and plans. Peshawar is located at higher altitude than Quetta so moist winds easily reach their. ZIMSEC FREE NOTES. The main sites are: The Mopane tree Colophospermum mopane is also a legume and grows in hotter locations than the miombo species, and so Mopane woodlands, covering about 15% of the country, replace southern miombo woodlands at lower elevations in valleys in the south of the country, principally: This ecoregion, covering about 5% of Zambia in the south-west, is dominated by Baikiaea plurijuga, Zambian teak. The moisture in the warm air condenses as it cools which causes clouds and rain. Case study 7: Exploring daily rainfall data to investigate evidence of climate change in southern Zambia and its implication for farmers in the area Parin Kurjia, Durton Nanja b, Roger Sternc a Head, Biometry Unit, Department of Crop Science, University of Nairobi, P.O. this type of rainfall occurs due to thermal convention due to heating of the ground surface. Precipitation types - Wikipedia eLimu | Physical Environment Zambia's average annual temperature has increased by 1.3C since 1960, an average rate of 0.29C per decade. [3][citation needed]. [citation needed], Flooding is an annual event on floodplains, to which people and wildlife are adapted. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? history of africa Quite dense evergreen forest of medium height on sandy soils with little to no surface water, in several patches which make up the largest evergreen forest in Africa outside of the equatorial zone. Relief(or Orographic) rainfall occurs in areas with mountains In the north, rain only falls from June to September in the range of 500 mm to 750 mm. Three types of rainfall are: Convectional rainfall, this type of rainfall occurs due to thermal convention due to heating of the ground surface. As a country with very distinct rainy and dry seasons, with a high rainfall in the former, and having a fairly flat topography, Zambian rivers and low-lying areas are prone to flooding, and there are extensive permanent swamps. As the air rises and cools, the orographic clouds form and serve as the precipitation source, where most falls upwind of the mountain ridge. partners) to personalize our advertising campaigns and to allow you to share on social media. [citation needed], For the human population, the location of rural settlements is determined by access to water in the dry season (though boreholes are now commonly used to augment supplies). Some of 58 per cent of Zambia's . Sustainable Management of the Tropical Rainforest, Sustainable Management of the Amazon Rainforest. A two-dimensional relief map displays the topography of a given area. The annual cycle of rainfall over Zambia (Fig.2) indicates that the rainfall season lies between November and March (NDJFM) over . [citation needed], Most rivers, lakes and swamps, except in the far south and south-west, are permanent. As a result, rainfall is usually low on the leeward side of the mountain range and the area is said to be in a rain shadow. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecoregions_of_Zambia&oldid=1108887041, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. red sandveld soils cover most of the country, and are generally not very fertile due to weathering and leaching; the top soil is sandy and is more fertile where the top soil has a higher clay content. Climate and Average Weather in Zambia Tunisia Case Study. . It makes cumulonimbus clouds. Evaporation and rainfall. Heavy rainfall in recent days has led to riverine and flash floods in Zambia, mainly in the Southern Province, with Gwembe and Siavonga Districts hardest-hit. Zambia - Zambia - Climate: Although Zambia lies within the tropics, its climate is modified by the altitude of the country and is generally favourable to human settlement and comfort. Hydropower, based on dammed surface water reservoirs, is a key part of Zambias energy mix, but poor rainfall (e.g. Researched evidence suggested that temperature was likely to increase by 1.82oC and rainfall reduce by 0.87 percentage points by 2050. Except for those living in areas of permanent freshwater, animals are adapted to the long dry season, as seen in migration and breeding patterns. What is the structure of the tropical rainforest? PDF Country profile Zambia - Food and Agriculture Organization In some years, it moves south of Zambia, leading to a "little dry season" in the north of the country for three or four weeks in December. -. Rainfall is the amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. Traditionally, people have also migrated in the drier areas where rivers dambos are not prevalent. If this process continues then rain will fall. Sustainable development in the desert The Great Green Wall. management effectiveness of the national protected areas system. Safaris & Tours, Botswana history notes Rain Facts for Kids | KidzSearch.com 58.5. the air above it. Zambia experiences good rainfall, with extremes of 500 to 1400mm (most areas fall into the range 700 to ) in a distinct rainy season of four to six months centred on January, when the moist intertropical convergence zone is over the country. Heavy rainfall has driven flash and riverine flooding in Zambia, including in areas previously impacted A The continent is made up of very old Flat maps represent relief in a variety of ways. Best Answer. Earlier this month, heavy rains left the Chipata Level One Hospital in the capital, Lusaka, completely flooded, leading to the evacuation of some patients.