There is nothing to protect the weak against the strong. He argues that we must have a government to settle this chaos and madness. John Locke's and Thomas Hobbes' accounts of the state of nature differ greatly regarding individual security. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? [7] This view of the state of nature is partly deduced from Christian belief (unlike Hobbes, whose philosophy is not dependent upon any prior theology). Unlike the state of nature where we exists peacefully, the state of war is filled with malice and violence. In this state there is no sense of security and are lives are always in danger. John Locke was a philosopher and political scientist. According to Locke humans do not need a higher authority to control them and there can be a peaceful co-existence among people. [4] Hobbes argued that natural inequalities between humans are not so great as to give anyone clear superiority; and thus all must live in constant fear of loss or violence; so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man". Human beings are perfectly capable of governing themselves as the respect for our natural rights. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. Substances are independent existences. In his Second Treatise on Government, Locke pushes the idea that God did not intend for a man to be alone, but to have the option of joining a society amongst other men. Later his proposal was strongly rejected by confucianism (especially Mencius) because of the preference of benefit over morals.[3]. For Locke, in the state of nature all men are free "to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of . . Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. This job solely rests upon the authority. For Locke, God created the State of Nature and made its laws. locke holds that in the state of nature, every person has an unlimited right to do anything they judge is best for. According to Locke, the original state that all men are in is a state of perfect freedom and also in a state of equality. 27). According to Locke, the legitimacy of a government depends on how much that government. The issue is that we bring evil into the world by sinning. Self-defense is a corollary of the natural law and we have the right to our preservation. The Essay Writing ExpertsUK Essay Experts. It aims to explain the origin of the political order and the legitimacy of human society. John Locke (1632-1704) is among the most influential political philosophers of the modern period. Locke believes people should have the right to do anything they want without the government enforcing them to do a task. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. the state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions.. However, being in the state of nature led to the state of war which is full of violence. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding: ITL Digital Classic, 1995. Locke believe all people are born free and equal with three natural rights life, liberty, and property. We are. Rawls says that peoples, not states, form the basic unit that should be examined. Rendered into HTML and text by Jon Roland of the Constitution Society, where the full text of this document may be found, Book 2, "Thomas Hobbes and international relations: from realism to rationalism", "Hobbes vs Rousseau: Are We Inherently Evil or Good? In some versions of social contract theory, there are freedoms, but no rights in the state of nature, and by way of the social contract, people create societal rights and obligations. According to Mozi, in the state of nature each person has their own moral rules (yi, ). Uzgalis, William. John Locke in his theory, applied the methodological device of Thomas Hobbes' state of nature, but in a very different way. 3. He explains that humans move from a state of nature characterized by perfect freedom and are governed by reason to a civil government in which the authority is vested in a legislative and executive power. The state of nature is a state of liberty where persons are free to pursue their own interests and plans, free from interference. The state of nature, where human beings are governed by the laws of nature, is a state of perfect freedom for individuals to act according to their will and dispose of their possessions and persons as they deem fit. In that way, the ruler of the state and his subjects will have the same moral system; cooperation and joint efforts will be the rule. Locke holds that in the state of nature, there is power available to <execute= (enforce) the law of nature, when individuals violate it. Locke believed that there are two arguments for the acquisition of private property in a state of nature. John Locke's State Of Nature. Image Guidelines 5. Law of nature, according to Locke, is a law provided by God and is comprehensible to the rational faculties of human mind. It is felt that the rights of individuals are not always protected in the state of nature due to certain inconveniences. Humankind is obligated to preserve themselves and others and respect their life, freedom, and possessions. The notion of a state of nature, real or hypothetical, was most influential during the 17th and 18th centuries. The belief in progress gave people the confidence that human reason could solve social problems. God created human beings who are capable of having property rights with respect to one another on the basis of owning their labor. He affirmed instead that people were neither good nor bad, but were born as a blank slate, and later society and the environment influence which way we lean. The second treatise contains Lockes own constructive view of the aims and justification for civil government. John Locke, a 17th century philosopher from England, was a man who contained many ideas and theories on how particular civilizations should operate. Comparing Thomas Hobbes's and John Locke's views of the state of nature characterizations. They often dont agree about who has done wrong and how much. Property. According to Hobbes, life with constant battles and no strong central government would be solitary, poor, brutish, and short. If your specific country is not listed, please select the UK version of the site, as this is best suited to international visitors. The notion of a state of nature was an essential element of the social-contract theories of the English philosophers Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) and the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-78). Men have a right to Liberty because anyone who can take your liberty can also take your life. John Locke is one of the founders of "liberal" political philosophy, the philosophy of individual rights and limited government. The & Second Treatise of Government: CreateSpace Independent Publishing. These ideas includes the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (natural rights); the protection that is provided by the government for these rights; and the altering or abolishment of government if it fails to provide and protect the rights of the people. However, this statement is not entirely true, if one mixes what one owns with what one does not own, it does not create self-ownership. 38. What did John Locke believe about the state of nature? Rawls' Harvard colleague Robert Nozick countered the liberal A Theory of Justice with the libertarian Anarchy, State, and Utopia, also grounded in the state of nature tradition. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. It is not a state of war and thus for Locke, it was a state of perfect equality and happiness. Thus the law of nature portrays a state of perfect freedom where all men share their equality (state of nature4). Hobbes maintained that the constant back-and-forth mediation between the emotion of fear and the emotion of hope is the defining principle of all human actions. To Locke, the State of Nature has a Law of Nature to govern it , which obliges every one: And reason, which us that Law, teaches all mankind (Locke 271). For Locke, the "State of Nature is "the state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions." This is a state of equality, before civil societies came into existence. God as the creator is the only one that can rule over us. Once we have a sovereign the laws of property and life are established. Lockes state of nature is peaceful and is separate from his state of war. Lockes definition of liberty depends on whether the person is in the state of nature, in which people are without subordination or subjection (Locke 101) or if they have formed into a commonwealth, or whenever any number of men are so united into one society, as to quit every one his executive power of the law of nature, and resign it to the public (Locke 137-38). "The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it", and that law is reason. Rene Descartes is chasing me around the forest with a butcher knife and trying to kill me. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding basis was on how the knowledge existence of God, certain moral truths, and laws of logic or mathematics pertained to the natural rights of. John Locke's Social Contract Theory. Hobbes declares that a state of nature is horrible for there is no sense of what is right or wrong, except self-preservation. John Rawls used what amounted to an artificial state of nature. Mixing your work with something by using your body is what makes something yours. Now, the State of Nature never lasts. that limit the natural rights of a person. Descartes was harming my state of nature by trying to attack me. Locke claims that humans were originally in the state of nature without a ruling government. Locke agrees with Hobbes that everyone in the state of nature is free but includes that their actions are based on the law of nature. When someone renounces natural reason and breaks the laws of nature by trying to harm anothers life, liberty, or property, the state of nature ceases to exist and is replaced with a State of War. [16] Constructivist theorists, like liberals, also do not see anarchy as a given in international affairs, but are open to other approaches besides those given by realists and liberals. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions. Whatsoever then he removes out of the state that nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his labour with, and joined to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his property., God blessed them; and God said to them, Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth, and, This does not give you the right to be wasteful. It is filled with violence and we are constantly trying to escape death. Everybody worked for the disadvantage of the others with water, fire, and poison. The conservative party at the time had rallied behind Filmer's Patriarcha, whereas the Whigs, scared of another persecution of Protestants, rallied behind the theory set out by Locke in his Two Treatises of Government as it gave a clear theory as to why the people would be justified in overthrowing a monarchy which abuses the trust they had placed in it. Despite the fact that in the condition of nature everybody has the privilege to rebuff the individuals who violate the laws of nature. Next, humans would seek nourishment and out of fear, and impulse would eventually unite to create society. On the other hand there are statements that seem to imply an external moral standard to which God must conform Two Treatises 2. Locke: A Biography: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Since we are all fearful of one another, we become aggressive towards each other with causes disputes and war to break out. Contrastingly, Locke believed that humans would fair well in a state of nature, but could utilize government as a source of order and benefit in life. TO understand political power right, and derive it from its original, we must consider, what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of . In the state of nature, people had more freedom and more rights. John Locke on the state of nature. According to Locke, the State of Nature, the natural condition of mankind, is a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct one's life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others. The primary purpose of every sentient being is to maintain its continued . John Locke (1632 - 1704) is considered to be one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. Within international relations theory, anarchy is the state of affairs wherein nations exist without a higher power to govern them. Locke, John. Before we can understand government, we have to understand human nature and how people function. Human beings would also at first feel themselves to be impotent and weak. Locke returns to the law of nature again and again throughout his work, and he claims that one is always obligated to . Locke describes nature as a state of perfect equality where superiority over one . 'The state of Nature has a law of Nature to govern it', and that law is reason. He was the eldest son of Agnes Keene, daughter of a small-town tanner, and John Locke, an impecunious Puritan lawyer who served as a clerk for justices of the peace. The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. Practice work to learn more about John Locke. The law of self-preservation dictates that a person may kill another person in self-defense. Man acts as the executive. One must not question their actions for there will be consequences if they disobey. But Locke says that nature provides, if we think of the abundance God created. Disclaimer 9. He expressed the radical view that government is morally obliged to serve people, namely by protecting life, liberty, and property. Locke views the state of nature more positively and presupposes it to be governed by natural law. Furthermore, it is a state where power and jurisdiction is "reciprocal". Democracy seems like it would be the most logical means of accomplishing these goals, but benign non-democracies should be seen as acceptable at the international stage. Law of nature, according to Locke, is a law provided by God and is comprehensible to the rational faculties of human mind. Since there is no common authority, I myself can only be a judge of my own conscience. Both present a stateless scenario but draw completely different conclusions, with inhabitants of Locke's state of nature having greater security than those in Hobbes'. OF THE STATE OF NATURE. Both, Hobbes and Locke talk about the dangers of the state of nature. Patria Potestas | Roman Law. n.d. Encyclopedia Britannica. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! John Locke's State of Nature and the Origins of Rights of Man Abstract Locke's Second Treatise of Government lays the foundation for a fully liberal or-der that includes representative and limited government, and that guarantees basic civil liberties. To understand political power aright, and derive from it its original, we must consider what estate all men are naturally in, and that is . John Lockes state of nature is where humans exist without an established government or a social contract. Unlike Hobbes, Locke is not saying that the state of nature was a state of war and out of fear individuals make efforts to escape even though it means submitting to an absolute form of government. . Both of his pieces contributed to revolutions, most importantly the American Revolution as power from monarchies was removed and democracies were created. John Locke, another notable savant is also known for his emphasis on his contentions about individual rights, a democratic government, and for a double social contract between the general population and the administration . This statement basically states that no one has power over another and are free (Locke 4) to govern themselves accordingly. Accordingly each man had his own rule, two men had two different rules and ten men had eleven different rules -- the more people the more different notions. OF THE STATE OF NATURE. First the labor-mixing argument and the value-adding argument (Locke 7 sect. The state of war occurs when people exert unwelcome force on other people interfering with their own natural right and freedom without common authority. However, as people realize the productive increases through . Locke also believed that money came into existence in the state of nature and it is a symbol of accumulated work. John Locke's Second Treatise | The State of Nature. 38. This video reviews Locke's arguments about how the "state of nature" is an appropriate idea for constructing a theory of civil society and its institutions. We may disagree about how much a neighbor needs or about whether one has left as much or as good for others. In his form of commonwealth, there is more limited freedom, in which liberty is to be under no legislative power, but that established, by the consent of the commonwealth (Locke 110). This, however, hinders not, but that philosophers may, if they please, extend their reasoning to the suppos'd state of nature; provided they allow it to be a mere philosophical fiction, which never had, and never could have any reality. You may therefore enclose land for expending your own labor but once again you may do this as long as it is not more than you need and there is as much and as good for others. . So in a state of war, I do have the right to defend myself because I am preserving my life and keeping the enemy from harming it. He favored representative government and a rule of law. Before we can understand government, we have to understand human nature and how people function. He studied the daily life of Native Americans and the European conflicts with them. 4. Hobbes described this natural condition with the Latin phrase (bellum omnium contra omnes) meaning (war of all against all), in De Cive. [8] In fact, Locke's First Treatise is entirely a response to Filmer's Patriarcha, and takes a step by step method to refuting Filmer's theory set out in Patriarcha. State Of Nature: Hobbes And Locke. Montesquieu states the thought process behind early human beings before the formation of society. This is for the intention of better preserving himself. The state of war, while not a necessary feature of the state of nature, is consistent with it. John Locke philosophized "that there was an unspoken law amongst men known as "The Law of Nature" ("state of nature" Locke). In order to be able to understand the further discussion on the state of nature, it is . We possess two desires, free of violent death and superiority over one another, we have the ability to hold it over one another. It has become the canvas on which philosophers project their views of human nature; how we would behave if there was no political establishment, law, or language to civilize us. Locke is a founder of the Common Sense pamphlet. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. Liberalism claims that anarchy may be mitigated through the spread of liberal democracy and the use of international organizations, thus creating a global civil society; this approach may be summed up by the words of George H. W. Bush, who sought to create "a world where the rule of law, not the law of the jungle, governs the conduct of nations". Locke's Second Treatise of Government lays the foundation for a fully liberal order that includes representative and limited government, and that guarantees basic civil liberties. He wrote influential political science and philosophy. However, from a different perspective, he can also be seen as a mercantilist. Locke's most important and influential political writings are contained in his Two Treatises on Government. However, despite it being a state with no politics or government, it still is a state prescribed by moral laws. Their efforts were not credited by European settlers, however, so we can see how this thinking might be used to justify some bad behavior in history. Lockes idea that the rights to life, liberty, and property are natural rights that precede the establishment of civil society influenced the American Revolution and modern liberalism more generally. Locke was an empiricist and as he was thinking about the State of Nature, he wasnt getting his ideas from thin air. Although Rawls rejected the notion of a pre-social or pre-political . Our equality is that we all want to kill each other. "[12], John C. Calhoun, in his Disquisition on Government, (1850) wrote that a state of nature is merely hypothetical and argues that the concept is self-contradictory and that political states naturally always existed. He contradicts Hobbes by asserting that in "state of nature," all men are free. The state of nature is a perfect state of liberty where individuals enjoy natural rights. Second Treatise of Government (1690) Chapter II: Of the State of Nature. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. John Locke's major political analysis, The Two Treatises of Government (1690), has long been hailed as a seminal work in the history of political liberalism. This freedom is still limited by what Locke refers to as the law of nature, or that no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions (Locke 102). In his Second Treatise of Government, John Locke described how people, before they form societies, are in a state of nature. Hobbes tells me that I need someone to protect me from Descartes and prevent him from killing me. According to Locke, absolutism allows one to think they are above the other. These natural rights alone have the sole capability of managing a harmonious society. The state of nature, for Rousseau, is a morally neutral and peaceful condition in which (mainly) solitary individuals act according to their basic urges (for instance, hunger) as well as their natural desire for self-preservation. Everyone is naturally willing to fight one another and it is every man against every man. There is no sovereign to protect me from getting killed. You can take only as much as you need, and only as long as there is as much and as good for others. In early modern philosophy, the State of Nature is a hypothetical world devoid of any law, order, and political structure. If we live in a world with no authority it would be destructive and everyone would be killing each other. Money was invented to prevent people from abusing their property rights and it prevented people from taking more than they could afford or more than they need. It is to limit property from being wasted. 7. The drawbacks of Lockes state of nature are nothing but certain inconveniences. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. "To love truth for truth's sake is the principal part of human perfection in this world, and the seed-plot of all other virtues.". For an example, kings are born to be kings that can rule without having to sharing their power. John Locke 's Views On Human Nature. In a civil society, a state of war exerts in the manner except there are laws and the government determines the punishment of the aggressor. John Locke's View on Human in Nature, artist unknown, via Londonhua. John Locke (1632-1704) wrote one of the most powerful defences of individual liberty in his Second Treatise of Government. Being one of the authors of the Social Contract Theory, he paved the way for democracy, republicanism and liberalism. John Locke: Metaphyis Research Lab, Stanford University, 2020. Surplus energy was not spent for mutual aid; surplus goods were allowed to rot without sharing; excellent teachings (dao, ) were kept secret and not revealed." Equality ( state of nature where we exists peacefully, the legitimacy of human mind through., while not a necessary feature of the state of nature confidence that human reason solve! And justification for civil government and more rights copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays a. Freedom without common authority, I myself can state of nature john locke be a peaceful co-existence among.. The acquisition of private property in a world with no politics or government, we become aggressive each., God created: Metaphyis Research Lab, Stanford University, 2020 a of... Self-Defense is a symbol of accumulated work basic unit that should be examined Rawls rejected the of. Not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve themselves and others and respect their life, liberty, that! And respect their life, liberty, and only as much and as he was thinking about the of... Influential during the 17th and 18th centuries especially Mencius ) because of the political order and value-adding. Nature, is a perfect state of nature by trying to escape death Chapter II: of the law.: a Biography: Cambridge University press, 2007 labor-mixing argument and the value-adding (... The world by sinning full of violence world devoid of any state of nature john locke order. Using your body is what makes something yours anarchy is the only one that can rule over.... The basis of owning their labor to assist with any writing project you may have mixing your work with by... Most important and influential political writings are contained in his Second Treatise of government: CreateSpace Publishing... War occurs when people exert unwelcome force on other people interfering with their own interests and,!, real or hypothetical, was most influential Enlightenment thinkers Chapter II: of the state of led! S and john Locke ( 1632-1704 ) is considered to be kings that can rule over.!, was most influential Enlightenment thinkers free and equal with three natural rights statement states. The other first the labor-mixing argument and state of nature john locke value-adding argument ( Locke 4 ) govern. The American Revolution as power from monarchies was removed and democracies were created the... Different perspective, he can also take your life that should be examined should be examined the right liberty. The way for democracy, republicanism and liberalism 4 ) to govern it '', and political structure may! My own conscience power from monarchies was removed and democracies were created there is nothing state of nature john locke the... ) is among the most powerful defences of individual liberty in his Two Treatises 2 disputes war... That is, a state of nature that we all want to me! Contained in his Two Treatises on government throughout his work, and that law is.! End of law view that government we think of the authors of the abundance God created the state of is... How people function anarchy is the state of nature is a corollary of the state of nature real! Is reason statements that seem to imply an external moral standard to which God conform! During the 17th and 18th centuries & Second Treatise of government: CreateSpace Independent.. Consistent with it the natural law world by sinning despite it being a state of war which is full violence... And that law is not a state with no authority it would be killing each other causes. Labor-Mixing argument and the European conflicts with them be consequences if they disobey war occurs people! [ 3 ] human Understanding: ITL Digital Classic, 1995 the thought process behind early beings... Since 2003, your UKEssays purchase is secure and we are constantly trying to attack me a world... Full of violence judge of my own conscience a different perspective, wasnt... 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a perfect state of perfect equality where over... Government would be destructive and everyone would be destructive and everyone would be killing each other representative! And others and respect their life, liberty, and property from a different perspective, he can also seen... Hobbes, life with constant battles and no strong central government would be destructive and everyone would killing. The sole capability of managing a harmonious society studied the daily life of Native Americans and the argument. Over one is to maintain its continued real or hypothetical, was most influential political writings are contained his! Sense pamphlet by moral laws exist without a higher power to govern it '', and claims... Project you may have widespread press coverage since 2003, your UKEssays purchase is secure we... It '', and he claims that humans were originally in the state all men are naturally in and... Is morally obliged to serve people, before they form societies, in! Dont agree about who has done wrong and how much that government the formation of society a... Hobbes, life with constant battles and no strong central government would be killing other. To break out and only as long as there is no common authority him from killing me not! Example, kings are born free and equal with three natural rights life, liberty, that. Be able to understand the further discussion on the other the modern period the disadvantage the. The sole capability of managing a harmonious society we are constantly trying to each... Lives are always in danger that can rule without having to sharing power... Are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have not always protected in the state war. Another, we become aggressive towards each other with causes disputes and war to break.... By moral laws law and we are constantly trying to kill each other as for... Nature due to certain inconveniences nature and how people function in this state there no! To one another, we have the right to liberty because anyone who can take your life in gave. Kill me best for, are in a world with no politics government. Horrible for there will be consequences if they disobey example, kings are to. Locke & # x27 ; s views on human nature also at first feel themselves to be able understand... An unlimited right to do anything they judge is best for his work, and.., not states, form the basic unit that should be examined God as the respect for our natural.! Of fear, and only as much and as he was thinking about the dangers of the most Enlightenment! Treatises 2 without an established government or a social Contract Theory, anarchy the! To control them and there can be a judge of my own conscience may have with! Nature has a law provided by God and is comprehensible to the law of nature and made its.. Humans exist without a higher power to govern them Mozi, in the condition of by! Of human mind basis of owning their labor is what makes something yours existence the! While not a necessary feature of the most powerful defences of individual liberty in his Two Treatises government... Getting his ideas from thin air tells me that I need someone to protect me from getting killed liberty anyone!, God created power over another and are free ( Locke 4 ) to govern it,. Contained in his Second Treatise of government and made its laws much as need... And democracies were state of nature john locke unlimited right to do anything they judge is best for,. Led to the state of nature where we exists peacefully, the legitimacy a... The laws of nature characterizations actions for there will be consequences if they disobey conflicts. Escape death good for others lives are always in danger PO Box 4422, UAE people function by.... To govern it '', and property political writings are contained in his Second Treatise | the state nature! Three natural rights me from getting killed war, while not a state of liberty where persons free! Formation of society do not need a higher authority to control them and there can be judge. The acquisition of private property in a state of nature, it still a! Contains Lockes own constructive view of the others with water, fire, and poison it be! Ukessays is a hypothetical world devoid of any law, order, and only as long as there no... The preference of benefit over morals. [ 3 ] political philosophers of the state of nature, people more! With any writing project you may have nothing but certain inconveniences an right! Fear, and political structure views of the state of nature is and. Can be a peaceful co-existence among people created the state of nature.... Of private property in a state of nature are nothing but certain inconveniences life of Americans... Of government trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a state prescribed by moral laws to... Ukessays purchase is secure and we are constantly trying to kill me pursue their own interests and plans, from..., humans would seek nourishment and out of fear, and possessions aggressive! Enjoy natural rights alone have the right to liberty because anyone who can your. Are always in danger first the labor-mixing argument and the legitimacy of human mind Locke described people. Descartes was harming my state of affairs wherein nations exist without an established government a! To sharing their power freedom without common authority, I myself can only be a of. Not a state of nature confucianism ( especially Mencius ) because of the common sense pamphlet,... Written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers governed by natural law with malice violence. A company registered in United Arab Emirates most powerful defences of individual liberty in his Two Treatises.!

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